Table 2.
Mental health outcomes overall and by survey wave.
| Outcome | Overall | 2023 | 2024 | 2025 | p value | Effect size |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PHQ-9 mean score | 5.08 ± 4.08 | 4.85 ± 3.98 | 5.46 ± 4.25 | 4.68 ± 3.81 | <0.001 | 0.006 |
| PHQ-9 moderate or above (≥10) | 365 (8.6%) | 172 (8.6%) | 166 (9.5%) | 27 (5.5%) | 0.017 | 0.044 |
| Self-harm thoughts item >0 | 542 (12.8%) | 195 (9.8%) | 272 (15.6%) | 75 (15.2%) | <0.001 | 0.086 |
| GAD-7 mean score | 3.21 ± 3.70 | 2.99 ± 3.67 | 3.56 ± 3.79 | 2.86 ± 3.36 | <0.001 | 0.007 |
| GAD-7 moderate or above (≥10) | 209 (4.9%) | 103 (5.2%) | 94 (5.4%) | 12 (2.4%) | 0.022 | 0.042 |
p values compare the three waves. Effect size is epsilon-squared for continuous outcomes and Cramer’s V for categorical outcomes.