Table 3.

Risks to digital health communication and health education systems.

Category	Threat type	Impact on health communication and education
Identity risks	User impersonation, fake profiles	Reduced trust and misinformation in health education platforms
Communication risks	Message distortion, misinformation spread	Incorrect health understanding and poor decision-making
Privacy risks	Unauthorized access to personal health data	Reduced user engagement and trust
Behavioral risks	Phishing, social engineering	Lower participation in digital health systems
System risks	Service disruption, overload	Interrupted access to health education and alerts
Trust risks	Low credibility of information sources	Reduced adoption of health communication platforms