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. 2026 Sep 15;17:1961230. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2026.1961230

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Copyright © 2026 Guo, Lin, Dong, Huang, Hu, Li, Tan and Shu.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Panel A displays a protein gel showing a strong band for GST-AtAAS near 70-100 kilodaltons. Panel B presents two chromatograms confirming serotonin peaks in samples with AtAAS and 5-HTP, compared to serotonin standards with noted concentrations. Panel C is a bar graph indicating significantly higher serotonin content for AtAAS samples versus control (CK), with AtAAS at 103.59 nanograms per assay and CK at zero; statistical significance is indicated by three asterisks. — In vitro functional characterization of AtAAS. (A) SDS-PAGE of GST-tagged AtAAS recombinant protein. (B) Representative HPLC chromatograms showing serotonin production from 5-HTP by recombinant AtAAS. (C) Quantification of serotonin production by AtAAS under identical assay conditions. Serotonin produced from 5-HTP was measured after incubation of 50 μg recombinant AtAAS protein in 50 mM Tris-HCl buffer (pH 7.4) at 30 °C for 3 h. Data are shown as mean ± SD, n=3.