Table 1.

Use of GLP-1 receptor agonist and tirzepatide in older adults: clinical outcomes

Medication	Mechanism	Population (age)	Evidence in older adult	Key outcomes	Weight reduction	Limitations
Liraglutide	GLP-1 RA	Mean ~45–46 years; limited ≥ 65	Limited (7% ≥ 65; 0.5% ≥ 75) [16]	Weight loss, reduction in HbA1c; reduced MACE [17]	~6–8.4 kg [14, 15]	Limited representation of oldest adults
Semaglutide	GLP-1 RA	Includes ≥ 65 subgroup	Moderate (pooled analyses ≥ 65) [25]	Strong weight loss, CV and renal risk reduction [3, 4]	~9.6–15.2% [20, 21, 24]	Increased gastrointestinal adverse events in older adults [24]
Tirzepatide	GIP + GLP-1	Mean ~45–65; subgroup ≥ 60	Emerging (≥ 60 subgroup data)	Greater weight loss, HFpEF, and OSA benefits [34, 35]	~15–21% [31, 32]	Limited data in ≥ 75 years

GLP-1 RA glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist, GIP glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptides, MACE major adverse cardiovascular events, CV cardiovascular, HFpEF heart failure with preserved ejection fraction, OSA obstructive sleep apnea