Table 3.
Characteristics and key findings of different in-vitro trials using organic nanocarrier systems
| AMPs n = 41 |
Nanocarriers | Target Pathogens | Key Findings |
|---|---|---|---|
| KYE28 | Self-assembly | E.C | Increasing antimicrobial stability [120] |
| Thermo-responsive chitosan (TCTS) | Self-assembly | A. B | Enhance antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory, favour wound healing and neovascularization [121] |
| LL-37 | Self-assembly | E.C | Enhance antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory, favour chronic wound healing and angiogenesis [122] |
| PA-4 and PA-7 | Self-assembly | K.P | Micelle-forming PAs had an excellent antimicrobial activity with increased cell membrane permeability and disruption of the pathogen’s membrane, leading to cell lysis and death [141] |
| D-W362 | Self-assembly | E.C | SAANs, supramolecular assemblies of AMPs, underwent programmed self-assembly into nanostructured fibres to “punch holes” in the bacterial membrane, thus killing them [142] |
| Bacitracin and gramicidin | Self-assembly |
E.C P. A |
Broad-spectrum antibacterial activity with less toxicity after self-assembly into nanofiber structures [143] |
| Polyoxometalate (L1) | Self-assembly | E.C | Multivalent peptide nanofibers underwent self-assembly with concentrated positive charges and were excellent multivalent ligands for binding with bacterial cells [144] |
| ASCP1 and ASCP2 | Self-assembly | E.C | When exposed to external stimuli, these underwent an abrupt structural transition from a random coil to a stable unimolecular β-hairpin conformation, forming an elastic hydrogel [145] |
| CT9W1000 | Self-assemble micelles | P. A | Higher stability under salt serum, ions, and acid–base environments, and is highly resistant to trypsin degradation [123] |
| MH5C coupled to polymers (PEG) | Polymers peptide |
E.C P. A |
Inhibited bacterial growth [146] |
| Nisin-GE | Lipid nanocarriers | E.C | Differences of 3–4 log CFU/ml in viable counts, synergistic effects to overcome stability issues [147] |
| WLBU2 | Lipid nanocarriers | P. A | Enhanced antimicrobial activity and effective PACT efficiency against Gram-negative pathogens [148] |
| ParELC3 | Lipid nanocarriers | E.C | Enhanced antimicrobial activity and bioactivity with no cytotoxic effects [149] |
| Polymyxin B | Lipid nanocarriers |
E.C P. A |
Killing kinetics revealed total cell death at 12 and 24 h for P. aeruginosa & E. coli [150] |
| Colistin | Lipid nanocarriers | P. A | Increased antimicrobial activity, drug release kinetics, and no cytotoxic events [151] |
| Colistin | Lipid nanocarriers | P. A | Theragnostic, colistin-encapsulated liposomes were effective for imaging and treating infections [83] |
| Colistin | Lipid nanocarriers | P. A | Superior antibacterial activity against clinical isolates [152] |
| Polymyxin B | Lipid nanocarriers | Gram-negative pathogens | Enhanced antimicrobial & penetration activity [153] |
| Polymyxin B | Lipid nanocarriers | P. A | Effective bactericidal activity against resistant strains [96] |
| LL-37 loaded with lysostaphin | Niosomes |
A.B, E.C |
Stable vesicles with prolonged antibacterial activity and good storage stability, i.e., 4 °C, for 2 months, supporting sustained local exposure with lower peaks & longer coverage [88] |
| Nisin & EDTA (LPS-permeabilizer) | Niosomes | E.C | Nisin retained antibacterial activity when combined with EDTA, highlighting niosomes as membrane-sensitization-assisted AMP delivery [154] |
| LL-37 | SLNs | P. A | Preserved epithelial barrier functions, with better activity at reduced doses [155] |
| Polymyxin B | SLNs | P. A | Polymyxin B retained antibacterial efficacy with improved formulation stability [96] |
| Polymyxin B | SLNs crosslinked with alginate | P. A | Cross-linked SLNs were associated with reduced cytotoxicity & better antimicrobial activity [156] |
| Colistin sulfate | SLNs | P. A | Improved pulmonary delivery & therapeutic index for CF-related infections [157] |
| Colistin sulfate | SLNs | P. A | Showed better bactericidal activity [158] |
| Colistin | SLNs | P. A | Showed better bactericidal activity [159] |
| LL-37 + Serpin A1 | SLNs | E.C | Co-delivery enhanced antibacterial efficacy & promoted wound closure [160] |
| Polymyxin B | Conjugated erythrocyte lipid nanocarriers |
E.C K. P |
Enhanced antimicrobial activity, effective & targeted delivery [161] |
| Colistin | Chitosan-lipid nanocarriers | P. A | Enhanced antimicrobial effects (fourfold) against clinical & resistant isolates [162] |
| Polymyxin B | Chitosan-lipid nanocarriers | A. B | Significant antibacterial effects [163] |
| Colistin | PLGA nanoparticles | P. A | Efficient entrapment, prolonged release of AMPs, penetrated biofilms and extended in-vitro anti-biofilm activity of colistin [164] |
| Nisin | Poly-(γ-PGA) & chitosan nanoparticle | E.C | Increased antimicrobial activity and stability [165] |
| e-Polylysine | Polymer-based nanofibers | E.C | Lower bacterial colonization with no cytotoxicity to human corneal epithelial cells [166] |
| Melittin | PEG nanocarriers | E.C | Antimicrobial effects, with extended drug release [167] |
| HHC10 | PLGA-nanoparticles | E.C | In-vitro inhibition of bacterial growth, nontoxic to macrophage cells in vitro after encapsulation. Up to 91% cellular internalization within 24 h [168] |
| K4 | PLGA-nanoparticles | P. A | Enhanced antimicrobial activity with improved wound healing and angiogenesis [169] |
| GIBIM-P5S9K | PLGA-nanoparticles |
E.C P. A |
Enhanced bactericidal activity [170] |
| MSI-78 | PLGA-PEG-nanoparticles | P. A | Increased antimicrobial activity, i.e., MIC 8–16 μg mL − 1 and safety [76] |
| SAAP-148 |
Poly(lactic-co-glycolic) acid nanoparticles |
A. B | Increased antibacterial activities (10–20 fold) [171] |
| PA-13 | Chitosan Dextran sulfate | P. A | Improved stability & antibacterial activity within tyrosine-challenged conditions [172] |
A. B Acinetobacter baumannii, E.C Escherichia coli, K. P Klebsiella pneumoniae, P. A Pseudomonas aeruginosa, V.C. Vibrio cholerae