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. 2026 Sep 15;14:1896464. doi: 10.3389/fped.2026.1896464

Table 5.

IPA results for Toxicological analysis.

Organ system Name P-value range Number of molecules involved
A. Top toxicological functions with HCA–Normoxia compared with No HCA–Normoxia (control)
 Cardiotoxicity Cardiac enlargement 1–1.99E−05 76
Cardiac infarction 1– 2.67E−05 53
Cardiac dysfunction 5.86E−01–4.49E−05 59
Cardiac arteriopathy 4.67E−01–1.26E−04 72
Cardiac necrosis/cell death 4.67E−01–1.15E−03 30
 Hepatotoxicity Liver hyperplasia/hyperproliferation 1–2.47E−27 575
Liver necrosis/cell death 3.05E−01–6.35E−11 48
Hepatocellular carcinoma 1– 1.02E−09 231
Liver steatosis 2.59E−01–2.88E−09 78
Liver damage 1–4.16E−09 47
 Nephrotoxicity Renal necrosis/cell death 1–7.48E−10 68
Renal damage 2.28E−01–1.18E−05 42
Renal inflammation 5.68E−01–9.00E−05 49
Renal nephritis 5.68E−01–9.00E−05 48
Nephrosis 1.24E−01–1.71E−04 21
B. Top toxicological functions with no HCA–Hyperoxia compared with No HCA–Normoxia (control)
 Cardiotoxicity Cardiac arteriopathy 3.20E−01–4.12E−04 33
Cardiac infarction 3.68E−01–1.05E−03 25
Cardiac inflammation 3.68E−01–3.27E−03 9
Pulmonary hypertension 1–4.73E−03 5
Cardiac enlargement 1– 3.61E−02 23
 Hepatotoxicity Liver hyperplasia/hyperproliferation 5.55E−01–8.46E−14 254
Hepatocellular carcinoma 5.55E−01–1.24E−06 107
Liver damage 5.12E−01–4.40E−05 17
Liver fibrosis 3.39E−01–5.42E−03 23
Liver steatosis 1.14E−01–6.25E−03 28
 Nephrotoxicity Renal damage 5.12E−01–1.07E−04 22
Renal proliferation 1.51E−01–6.61E−03 13
Renal necrosis/cell death 5.16E−01–8.89E−03 22
Renal inflammation 4.79E−01–1.31E−02 22
Renal nephritis 4.79E−01–1.31E−02 22
C. Top toxicological functions with HCA–hyperoxia compared with No HCA–Normoxia (control)
 Cardiotoxicity Cardiac infarction 1– 2.62E−11 84
Cardiac enlargement 1– 2.08E−09 108
Pulmonary hypertension 3.66E−01–8.17E−08 42
Cardiac dysfunction 1– 1.39E−05 77
Cardiac necrosis/cell death 4.95E−01–1.40E−05 45
 Hepatotoxicity Liver hyperplasia/hyperproliferation 1–1.23E−31 753
Hepatocellular carcinoma 1–3.31E−16 323
Liver steatosis 4.34E−01–2.36E−13 108
Liver necrosis/cell death 4.87E−01–7.82E−11 57
Liver inflammation/hepatitis 1–1.15E−10 87
 Nephrotoxicity Renal necrosis/cell death 5.23E−01–9.78E−13 94
Kidney failure 4.34E−01–1.81E−07 46
Renal inflammation 5.23E−01–3.24E−07 75
Renal nephritis 5.23E−01–3.24E−07 74
Glomerular injury 1–4.28E−07 97