Figure - PMC

Skip to main content

An official website of the United States government

Here's how you know

Here's how you know

Official websites use .gov
A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States.

Secure .gov websites use HTTPS
A lock ( ) or https:// means you've safely connected to the .gov website. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites.

View full-text article in PMC

. 2026 Sep 16;6:1929035. doi: 10.3389/fddev.2026.1929035

Search in PMC
Search in PubMed
View in NLM Catalog
Add to search

Copyright © 2026 Omidian, Mfoafo and Cubeddu.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

PMC Copyright notice

Infographic showing the stages of cardiac therapy development: design and delivery with a heart illustration targeting infarct, mitochondria, immune cells, and imaging support; preclinical safety highlighting systemic toxicity, hemocompatibility, immunogenicity, and biodegradation; clinical translation steps include GMP reproducibility, regulatory pathway, and clinical evidence. — Translational-readiness gap for ROS-responsive cardiovascular biomaterials. The figure depicts a narrowing evidence pathway from strong preclinical material design and therapeutic efficacy toward progressively weaker evidence for quantitative pharmacokinetics and whole-body biodistribution, chronic cardiovascular safety, large-animal reproducibility, manufacturing control, and human validation. Platform-specific branches distinguish local hydrogels and patches, systemic nanoparticles and liposomes, metal or inorganic nanozymes, biologically derived carriers, cell and nucleic-acid therapies, and gas-delivery systems. Preliminary tolerability is separated from comprehensive safety evidence (Prepared with the assistance of Gemini NotebookLM pro and OpenAI ChatGPT Plus).