TABLE 4.
Quantitative evidence and appropriate interpretation of ROS-interacting cardiovascular biomaterials.
| Evidence domain | Representative finding | What it supports | What it does not establish | Refs |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Physicochemical formulation | BN-PEG-NLC: 83.9 nm, −32.1 mV, 83.5% entrapment; D/Ce@mPDA-C/P: 2–3 nm CeO2 within ∼130 nm composites | Defined formulation properties | Therapeutic superiority | (Zhang et al., 2016; Zhu et al., 2025) |
| ROS-dependent release | SaB/Cand: 68% candesartan release over 21 days in H2O2 vs. 24% in PBS | Direct evidence that oxidative conditions alter release | General superiority over other responsive chemistries | (Song L. et al., 2025) |
| Spatial ROS-responsive release | Faster Apelin-13 release in high-ROS core; slower release in lower-ROS border zone | Spatial coupling of release to myocardial ROS heterogeneity | Universal performance across infarct models | (Zhen et al., 2025) |
| Quantified targeting | HI@PSeP-IMTP: ∼32% greater fluorescence and ∼40% greater photoacoustic signal than non-IMTP formulation | Added localization from targeting architecture | Complete biodistribution or clearance | (Ma et al., 2025b) |
| Pharmacokinetic enhancement | BN-PEG-NLC: 7.2-fold AUC vs. solution and 3-fold vs. non-PEG carrier | Formulation-associated exposure and cardiac-delivery advantage | ROS-triggered release | (Zhang et al., 2016) |
| Matched formulation comparison | R gel vs. non-reactive hydrogel at 3 days and 8 weeks | Stronger attribution to responsive material behavior | Class-wide hydrogel superiority | (Wang et al., 2022) |
| Within-study cardiac function | NP-TPI1/P: LVEF 49.42±1.88% vs. 31.61±2.30% PBS | Therapeutic benefit within that AMI model | Superiority over other studies with different models | (Pan et al., 2025) |
| Catalytic comparison | ZnSrMo-LDH/Cu-BSA: 2.97-fold ROS-scavenging capacity vs. Fe3O4 | Greater catalytic performance under reported assay conditions | Greater clinical efficacy or safety than other nanozymes | (Xu et al., 2026) |
| Large-animal signal | miR-19a/b hydrogel: porcine infarct size 40%–18%; all treated pigs survived to scheduled day-50 harvest | Advanced platform-specific preclinical efficacy | Clinical readiness or class-wide efficacy | (Wang et al., 2025b) |