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. 2026 Sep 16;16:1891664. doi: 10.3389/fcimb.2026.1891664

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Copyright © 2026 Yang, Huang, Luo and Peng.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Two line charts compare cumulative incidence of ICU mortality over twenty-eight days since ICU admission for low (blue), medium (green), and high (orange) LDAR tertiles in derivation and external validation cohorts, showing higher mortality with higher LDAR. — Cumulative incidence function curves from Fine-Gray competing risk models for 28-day ICU mortality, stratified by LDAR tertiles, in (A) the derivation cohort and (B) the external validation cohort. The competing event was alive ICU discharge.