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. 2026 Sep 16;16:1891664. doi: 10.3389/fcimb.2026.1891664

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Copyright © 2026 Yang, Huang, Luo and Peng.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Three side-by-side receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve plots compare the discriminatory performance of seven models for three scenarios labeled A, B, and C. Each plot shows sensitivity versus one minus specificity, with a diagonal reference line. The thick red line represents the model with the highest area under the curve (AUC) in each case, and a legend provides AUC values for each model. Panel C demonstrates the highest AUC for the primary model, indicating better classification performance relative to the other models. — ROC curves of the 7-variable logistic regression model for 28-day ICU mortality in (A) the internal training cohort (AUC = 0.674), (B) the internal validation cohort (AUC = 0.677), and (C) the external validation cohort (AUC = 0.783). Risk score formula is shown.