Table 2.
MRI-derived volumetric measures of eTIV and amygdala subfields.
| Amygdala subfield volumes (mm3) | HC (n = 47) | Long COVID (n = 27) | ME/CFS (n = 38) | Raw pairwise p-value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Long COVID vs. HC | ME/CFS vs. HC | Long COVID vs. ME/CFS | ||||
| Left lateral nucleus | 695.3 ± 73.6 | 695.0 ± 75.0 | 700.1 ± 69.6 | 0.408 | 0.133 | 0.596 |
| Left basal nucleus | 450.5 ± 49.7 | 447.8 ± 48.2 | 454.1 ± 53.6 | 0.506 | 0.072 | 0.341 |
| Left accessory basal nucleus | 276.5 ± 29.9 | 272.1 ± 29.7 | 278.4 ± 36.2 | 0.817 | 0.071 | 0.168 |
| Left anterior amygdaloid area | 57.9 ± 7.9 | 57.7 ± 9.2 | 58.5 ± 7.6 | 0.539 | 0.169 | 0.531 |
| Left central nucleus | 52.5 ± 11.4 | 51.5 ± 13.5 | 50.6 ± 10.8 | 0.988 | 0.814 | 0.824 |
| Left medial nucleus | 27.7 ± 7.2 | 27.5 ± 8.9 | 25.7 ± 7.4 | 0.768 | 0.512 | 0.388 |
| Left cortical nucleus | 28.5 ± 4.4 | 28.1 ± 5.3 | 28.7 ± 5.5 | 0.751 | 0.231 | 0.451 |
| Left corticoamygdaloid transition area | 174.3 ± 19.3 | 171.8 ± 17.3 | 173.4 ± 22.1 | 0.881 | 0.355 | 0.501 |
| Left paralaminar nucleus | 46.4 ± 5.4 | 46.7 ± 5.1 | 47.2 ± 6.3 | 0.288 | 0.048* | 0.466 |
| Left whole amygdala | 1809.7 ± 178.7 | 1798.1 ± 179.4 | 1816.7 ± 188.9 | 0.462 | 0.075 | 0.385 |
| Right lateral nucleus | 707.2 ± 65.2 | 703.0 ± 86.8 | 714.3 ± 83.5 | 0.571 | 0.104 | 0.372 |
| Right basal nucleus | 467.6 ± 45.5 | 469.8 ± 58.0 | 466.9 ± 57.3 | 0.307 | 0.304 | 0.936 |
| Right accessory basal nucleus | 290.0 ± 29.2 | 293.1 ± 35.0 | 293.0 ± 40.1 | 0.175 | 0.081 | 0.816 |
| Right anterior amygdaloid area | 63.9 ± 8.4 | 64.0 ± 9.9 | 65.5 ± 8.4 | 0.493 | 0.080 | 0.372 |
| Right central nucleus | 55.9 ± 9.7 | 56.6 ± 12.5 | 54.4 ± 11.9 | 0.443 | 0.931 | 0.413 |
| Right medial nucleus | 28.7 ± 7.4 | 29.1 ± 7.7 | 28.3 ± 8.0 | 0.404 | 0.620 | 0.712 |
| Right cortical nucleus | 30.2 ± 4.8 | 31.7 ± 5.6 | 30.9 ± 5.6 | 0.040* | 0.097 | 0.591 |
| Right corticoamygdaloid transition area | 176.9 ± 18.6 | 178.4 ± 16.5 | 178.7 ± 22.8 | 0.219 | 0.081 | 0.720 |
| Right paralaminar nucleus | 46.2 ± 5.1 | 46.7 ± 6.4 | 45.9 ± 5.1 | 0.175 | 0.426 | 0.540 |
| Right whole amygdala | 1866.6 ± 168.1 | 1872.5 ± 211.4 | 1878.0 ± 214.7 | 0.247 | 0.089 | 0.700 |
| eTIV, mm3 | 1,438,477 ± 138,507 | 1,446,145 ± 131,049 | 1,452,662 ± 130,551 | 0.890 | ||
Data are presented as the mean ± standard deviation. Pairwise raw p-values for amygdala subfield volumes were calculated within an analysis-of-covariance framework adjusted for age, sex, and eTIV. Bonferroni-adjusted p-values and 95% confidence intervals are provided in Supplementary Table S1. *Raw p < 0.05; no pairwise comparison remained significant after Bonferroni correction. eTIV, estimated total intracranial volume; HC, healthy controls; ME/CFS, myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome.