Table 2.
Study range and characteristics .
| Author/ year | Study design | Population description | Intervention/Exposure | Comparator | Setting | Sample size | Data Type (Qualitative/Quantitative/Mixed) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wang 2025b (32) | Prospective, single-arm observational usability study | 51 adult hypertensive patients and 6 participating clinicians from tertiary care setting. | HyperDREAM, a Multimodal Digital Transformation Hypertension Management Platform | WeChat-based management (platform) and ChatGPT-4o, ChatGPT-4o Mini, and clinicians (BP Coach performance). | Homecare | 51 patients and 6 clinicians | Mixed |
| Ho 2025 (34) | A Randomized Pragmatic Trial | Patients aged 18–89 years with at least 1 identified cardiovascular condition with a prescription of 1 or more classes of medications within the prior 100 days | Three text messaging strategies triggered after a ≥ 7-day medication refill gap: generic reminder, behavioral nudge, and behavioral nudge with chatbot support. | Usual care | Hospitals | Total n = 9,501; randomized to four arms: generic reminder (2,324), behavioral nudge (2,305), nudge + chatbot (2,319), and usual care (2,321). | Quantitative |
| Wang 2025a (26) | Trial-based economic evaluation | Patients with hypertension without complications | PTEC-HT scaling program | Usual care | Primary care/Outpatient clinics | 6-month analysis: PTEC-HT (n = 427) vs. usual care (n = 64,679); 12-month analysis: PTEC-HT (n = 338) vs. usual care (n = 7,324). |
Quantitative |
| Sakane 2023 (28) | Randomized controlled trial | Overweight Japanese men aged 40–64 years, With elevated blood pressure | KENPO-app | Active control receiving only usual support | Clinical oversight at initiation with home-based self-management. | n = 78; randomized 1:1 to intervention and control groups. | Mixed |
| Echeazarra 2021 (29) | Randomized controlled trial | 112 patients with diagnosis or suspected hypertension (primary or secondary), a mean age of 52.1 (up to 87 years). With high prevalence comorbidity of CKD. | TensioBot | Traditional method (Control group) | Home-based BP monitoring coordinated by an outpatient clinic. | 112 | Mixed |
| AlFraidan 2025 (27) | Case report/series | Middle-aged male with a long-standing history of hypertension, (diagnosed in 2015). |
90-day engagement with an AI assistant (GPT4) | Baseline status | Homecare | Single participant (1 case study) | Mixed |
| Antia 2025 (25) | Single-arm nonblinded clinical trial | Black Africans living in/around Abakaliki, mean age was 47.4 years, with a male predominance (60.4% men and 39.6% women). | Healthy Heart Assistant (HHA) | None | Hospital-based recruitment and evaluation with home-based self-care intervention. | 50 hypertensive patients | Mixed |
| Lee 2022 (31) | Case study | Employees of the University of Pennsylvania Health System and Patients enrolled in a remote hypertension management program (evaluation sample of 171 active patients) | A hybrid chatbot–clinician model | Gold-standard human review | Homecare (text-messaging), managed by a hospital system | Total participants n = 588; n = 171 included in the analysis phase. | Mixed |
| Rekha 2024 (30) | A Prospective, observational, and interventional study | 109 Patients with metabolic disorders (including Hypertension) with reported demographics and lifestyle characteristics (age, sex, literacy, and risk factors) | ChatGPT | Standard clinical assessment tools (Naranjo scale, Hartwig scale, and WHO-UMC probability scale) | Community-Based | 109 patients | Mixed |