Table 2.
Demographic and clinical characteristics of the study subjects.
| Characteristics | Total (n = 448, %) |
Adherent (n = 182, %) |
Non-adherent (n = 266, %) | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, Median (IQR) | 69.0 (62.8, 74.2) | 69.0 (62.0, 74.8) | 69.0 (63.0, 74.0) | 0.946 |
| Age (years) | 0.759 | |||
| <65 | 150(33.5) | 64(35.2) | 86(32.3) | |
| 65–74 | 186(41.5) | 72(39.6) | 114(42.9) | |
| ≥75 | 112(25.0) | 46(25.3) | 66(24.8) | |
| Gender | 0.493 | |||
| Female | 116(25.9) | 44(24.2) | 72(27.1) | |
| Male | 332(74.1) | 138(75.8) | 194(72.9) | |
| Smoking status | 0.205 | |||
| Never smoked before | 225(50.2) | 87(47.8) | 138(51.9) | |
| Current smoker | 105(23.4) | 39(21.4) | 66(24.8) | |
| Ex-smoker | 118(26.3) | 56(30.8) | 62(23.3) | |
| Education level | 0.002 | |||
| ≤High school | 353(78.8) | 130(71.4) | 223(83.8) | |
| >High school | 95(21.2) | 52(28.6) | 43(16.2) | |
| Occupation | <0.001 | |||
| Physical labor | 166(37.1) | 48(26.4) | 118(44.4) | |
| Office work | 58(12.9) | 30(16.5) | 28(10.5) | |
| Unemployed/Retired | 224(50.0) | 104(57.1) | 120(45.1) | |
| Income | 0.002 | |||
| Low | 308(68.8) | 110(60.4) | 198(74.4) | |
| High | 140(31.2) | 72(39.6) | 68(25.6) | |
| Place of residence | 0.422 | |||
| Urban | 293(65.4) | 123(67.6) | 170(63.9) | |
| Rural | 155(34.6) | 59(32.4) | 96(36.1) | |
| The number of hospital admissions due to exacerbations over the last year | 0.992 | |||
| 0 | 112(25.0) | 46(25.3) | 66(24.8) | |
| Once | 239(53.3) | 97(53.3) | 142(53.4) | |
| ≥Twice | 97(21.7) | 39(21.4) | 58(21.8) | |
| Comorbidities | ||||
| Heart and cardiovascular disease | 142(31.7) | 61(33.5) | 81(30.5) | 0.493 |
| Diabetes | 77(17.2) | 26(14.3) | 51(19.2) | 0.178 |
| Hyperlipidemia | 17(3.8) | 7(3.8) | 10(3.8) | 0.962 |
| Hypertension | 190(42.4) | 84(46.2) | 106(39.8) | 0.185 |
| Asthma | 34(7.6) | 19(10.4) | 15(5.6) | 0.060 |
| Duration of inhaled medication use (years) | 0.153 | |||
| <1 | 145(32.4) | 56(30.8) | 89(33.5) | |
| 1–5 | 203(45.3) | 77(42.3) | 126(47.4) | |
| >5 | 100(22.3) | 49(26.9) | 51(19.1) | |
| Type of inhaled maintenance therapy | ||||
| Single inhaler | ||||
| Triple therapy with LAMA-LABA-ICS | 84(18.8) | 45(24.7) | 39(14.7) | 0.092 |
| Dual therapy with LABA-ICS | 102(22.8) | 39(21.4) | 63(23.7) | |
| Dual therapy with LAMA-LABA | 216(48.2) | 83(45.6) | 133(50.0) | |
| Monotherapy with LAMA | 27(6.0) | 8(4.4) | 19(7.1) | |
| Two separate inhalers | 19(4.2) | 7(3.8) | 12(4.5) | |
| Number of inhaled medications used | 0.809 | |||
| 1 | 427(95.3) | 174(95.6) | 253(95.1) | |
| 2 | 21(4.7) | 8(4.4) | 13(4.9) | |
| Daily dosing frequency for inhaled medication | 0.273 | |||
| Once | 277(61.8) | 107(58.8) | 170(63.9) | |
| Twice | 171(38.2) | 75(41.2) | 96(36.1) | |
| Medications prescribed for other chronic diseases | 0.918 | |||
| Yes | 235(52.5) | 96(52.7) | 139(52.3) | |
| No | 213(47.5) | 86(47.3) | 127(47.7) | |
| Necessity beliefs (mean score ± SD) |
17.09 ± 3.10 | 18.43 ± 2.14 | 16.17 ± 3.32 | <0.001 |
| Concerns beliefs (mean score ± SD) |
15.64 ± 2.56 | 15.48 ± 2.54 | 15.75 ± 2.58 | 0.276 |
Bold values indicated a p-value< 0.05. Continuous variables are presented as mean ± SD or median (IQR), and categorical variables as n (%).