Table 5:
Bivariate and Multivariate Analysis of Factors Associated with Modern Contraceptive Use
| Characteristics | Categories | Yes n(%) | No n(%) | p-value | COR/AOR (95% CI) | Remarks |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| A. Bivariate Analysis: Socio-demographic Variables | ||||||
| Age (years) | 15–24 | 92 (67.6) | 44 (32.4) | — | Ref. | NS |
| 25–34 | 149 (70.3) | 63 (29.7) | 0.603 | 1.131 (0.711–1.800) | ||
| 35–44 | 80 (72.7) | 30 (27.3) | 0.388 | 1.275 (0.734–2.216) | ||
| >44 | 28 (77.8) | 8 (22.2) | 0.243 | 1.674 (0.706–3.971) | ||
| Educational status | Illiterate | 13 (68.4) | 6 (31.6) | — | Ref. | NS |
| Literate | 336 (70.7) | 139 (29.3) | 0.117 | 1.116 (0.416–2.994) | ||
| Ethnicity | Thakuri | 8 (42.1) | 11 (57.9) | — | Ref. | S |
| Dalit | 36 (55.4) | 29 (44.6) | 0.311 | 1.707 (0.607–4.799) | NS | |
| Janjati | 108 (77.7) | 31 (22.3) | 0.002 | 4.790 (1.772–12.949) | S | |
| Brahmin/Chhetri | 197 (56.4) | 74 (51.0) | 0.007 | 3.660 (1.417–9.457) | S | |
| Religion | Hindu | 297 (70.0) | 127 (30.0) | 0.471 | Ref. | NS |
| Non-Hindu | 52 (74.3) | 18 (25.7) | — | 1.235 (0.695–2.195) | ||
| Occupational status | Not employed | 80 (31.9) | 171 (68.1) | 0.212 | Ref. | NS |
| Employed | 178 (73.3) | 65 (26.7) | — | 1.281 (0.868–1.890) | ||
| Husband's occupation | Migrant workers | 19 (27.5) | 50 (72.5) | — | Ref. | S |
| Farmer/Daily wage | 46 (76.7) | 14 (23.3) | <0.001 | 8.647 (3.893–19.206) | S | |
| Engaged with work | 284 (77.8) | 81 (22.2) | <0.001 | 9.227 (5.150–16.530) | S | |
| Family type | Joint | 41 (69.5) | 18 (30.5) | 0.835 | Ref. | NS |
| Nuclear | 308 (70.8) | 127 (29.2) | — | 1.065 (0.589–1.924) | ||
| Family annual income | <2,50,000 | 35 (62.5) | 21 (37.5) | — | Ref. | NS |
| 2,50,000–6,00,000 | 257 (71.2) | 104 (28.8) | 0.188 | 1.483 (0.824–2.667) | ||
| >6,00,000 | 57 (74.0) | 20 (26.0) | 0.157 | 1.710 (0.813–3.595) | ||
| Age of marriage | ≤19 | 152 (70.0) | 65 (30.0) | 0.795 | Ref. | NS |
| >19 | 197 (71.1) | 80 (28.9) | — | 1.053 (0.713–1.555) | ||
| Having children | ≤2 | 173 (69.5) | 76 (30.5) | 0.219 | Ref. | NS |
| >2 | 65 (76.5) | 20 (23.5) | — | 1.428 (0.808–2.522) | ||
| Having male children | >2 | 10 (52.6) | 9 (47.4) | — | Ref. | S |
| ≤2 | 192 (74.1) | 67 (25.9) | 0.049 | 2.579 (1.005–6.619) | S | |
| Having female children | ≤2 | 133 (72.7) | 50 (27.3) | 0.581 | Ref. | NS |
| >2 | 9 (75.0) | 3 (25.0) | — | 1.128 (0.293–4.335) | ||
| B. Bivariate Analysis: Associated Factors | ||||||
| Side effects informed at facility | Yes | 215 (65.3) | 114 (34.7) | <0.001 | Ref. | S |
| No | 134 (81.2) | 31 (18.8) | — | 2.292 (1.459–3.601) | S | |
| FCHV visit in last 12 months | No | 167 (66.8) | 83 (33.2) | 0.058 | Ref. | NS |
| Yes | 182 (74.6) | 62 (25.4) | — | 1.459 (0.987–2.156) | ||
| Fieldworker discussed FP | No | 208 (67.3) | 101 (32.7) | 0.036 | Ref. | S |
| Yes | 141 (76.2) | 44 (23.8) | — | 1.556 (1.029–2.353) | S | |
| ANC counseling | Yes | 153 (70.8) | 63 (29.2) | 0.793 | Ref. | NS |
| No | 61 (69.3) | 27 (30.7) | — | 1.075 (0.627–1.844) | ||
| PNC counseling | Yes | 153 (72.2) | 59 (27.8) | 0.962 | Ref. | NS |
| No | 50 (72.5) | 19 (27.5) | — | 1.015 (0.553–1.863) | ||
| EPI counseling | Yes | 158 (72.1) | 61 (27.9) | 0.669 | Ref. | NS |
| No | 79 (69.9) | 34 (30.1) | — | 1.115 (0.677–1.836) | ||
| C. Bivariate Analysis: Unmet Need Variables | ||||||
| Wanted/unwanted pregnancy | Yes | 167 (67.6) | 80 (32.4) | 0.538 | Ref. | NS |
| No | 71 (71.0) | 29 (29.0) | — | 0.853 (0.513–1.416) | ||
| Future plan of child | Can't conceive | 2 (12.5) | 14 (87.5) | — | Ref. | S |
| Undecided/Don't know | 63 (70.0) | 27 (30.0) | <0.001* | 21.949 (4.847–99.387) | S | |
| Want child | 99 (68.8) | 45 (31.3) | <0.001* | 15.400 (3.358–70.618) | S | |
| No more/No one | 185 (75.8) | 59 (24.2) | <0.001* | 16.333 (3.471–76.852) | S | |
| D. Multivariate Analysis (Binary Logistic Regression) | ||||||
| Variables | Categories | β-coeff. | p-value | AOR | 95% CI | |
| Ethnicity | Thakuri | — | — | Ref. | — | |
| Dalit | 0.567 | 0.331 | 1.762 | (0.562–5.525) | NS | |
| Janjati | 1.396 | 0.013 | 4.037 | (1.343–12.139) | S | |
| Brahmin/Chhetri | 1.023 | 0.056 | 2.781 | (0.975–7.929) | NS | |
| Husband's occupation | Migrant workers | — | — | Ref. | — | |
| Farmer/Daily wage | 2.127 | <0.001 | 8.389 | (3.685–19.101) | S | |
| Engaged with work | 2.116 | <0.001 | 8.301 | (4.534–15.231) | S | |
| Side effects told in facility | Yes | — | — | Ref. | — | |
| No | 0.687 | 0.007 | 1.987 | (1.211–3.262) | S | |
| FCHV visit last 12 months | No | — | — | Ref. | — | |
| Yes | 0.272 | 0.423 | 1.313 | (0.675–2.556) | NS | |
| Fieldworker discussed FP | No | — | — | Ref. | — | |
| Yes | 0.274 | 0.444 | 1.315 | (0.652–2.654) | NS | |
*Significant at p<0.05; b Fisher exact test; S=Significant; NS=Not Significant; COR=Crude Odds Ratio; AOR=Adjusted Odds Ratio; Ref.=Reference category; FP=Family Planning