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. 2026 Aug 3;16(2):1438–1455. doi: 10.3126/nje.v16i2.95973

Table 5:

Meta-analysis of secondary outcomes: synthesised effects and heterogeneity statistics

Outcome Estimate (95% CI) Heterogeneity Z-test for effect
Standardised stunting (n=7) 1-0.13 (-0.24, -0.012) I2=63.6% Z=2.16; p=0.031
Wasting or moderate/severe malnutrition (n=8) 21.64 (0.85, 3.18) I2=83.7% Z=1.48; p=0.139
WHZ scores (n=6) 10.083 (-0.076, 2.43) I2=62.2% Z=1.02; p=0.306
Underweight (n=5) 21.77 (0.94, 3.33) I2=70.3% Z=1.78; p=0.076
WAZ scores (n=6) 1-0.025 (-0.091, 0.041) I2=0.0% Z=-0.749; p=0.454

1Standardised mean difference for effect in mothers with diagnosed depression or mental health disorder

2Odds ratio for effect in mothers with diagnosed depression or mental health disorder compared with children of mothers with no diagnosed depression or mental health disorder compared with children of mothers with no diagnosed depression or mental health disorder