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. 2026 Sep 17;8:1860232. doi: 10.3389/fspor.2026.1860232

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© 2026 Du, Guo, Chen and Chen.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Three summary panels with forest plots and tables compare the effects of interventions on Motor, Balance and Gait, and Cognitive function, showing factors, number of studies, case counts, heterogeneity, and GRADE assessment; most outcomes are rated very low or low quality, with some statistically significant mean differences visualized alongside confidence intervals. — Forest plot of virtual reality exercise effects on motor, balance/gait, and cognitive function in stroke patients. Estimates are presented as eSMD with 95% CIs. Positive eSMD values indicate favorable effects for outcomes in which higher scores represent better function, whereas negative eSMD values indicate favorable effects for outcomes in which lower values represent better performance (e.g., TUG).