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. 2026 Sep 17;8:1860232. doi: 10.3389/fspor.2026.1860232

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© 2026 Du, Guo, Chen and Chen.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Three-panel infographic showing subgroup analyses of motor function for NIVR, SIVR, and IVR. Each panel contains a table summarizing study factors, number of studies, cases, and I2 statistic; a GRADE Class box noting all evidence as very low; and a forest plot depicting standardized mean differences (eSMD) with 95 percent confidence intervals for each factor. NIVR panel reports the most data, SIVR shows wide confidence intervals, and IVR includes only two factors. All panels display data visually and textually for comparative analysis of intervention effects. — Forest plot of virtual reality exercise effects on motor function in stroke patients (subgroup of VR immersion type). Estimates are presented as eSMD with 95% CIs. Positive eSMD values indicate favorable effects for outcomes in which higher scores represent better function, whereas negative eSMD values indicate favorable effects for outcomes in which lower values represent better performance.