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. 2026 Sep 17;8:1860232. doi: 10.3389/fspor.2026.1860232

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© 2026 Du, Guo, Chen and Chen.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Three forest plots compare balance and gait function outcomes for NIVR, SIVR, and IVR subgroups, each listing factors, number of studies and cases, I2, GRADE class as very low, and eSMD plus confidence intervals. — Forest plot of virtual reality exercise effects on balance and gait function in stroke patients (subgroup of VR immersion type). Estimates are presented as eSMD with 95% CIs. Positive eSMD values indicate favorable effects for outcomes in which higher scores represent better function, whereas negative eSMD values indicate favorable effects for outcomes in which lower values represent better performance.