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. 2026 Sep 17;20:1850015. doi: 10.3389/fnins.2026.1850015

FIGURE 2.

Panel A shows the workflow for screening Klebsiella and Escherichia culture supernatants in BV2 microglial cells. Panel B shows phylogenetic analysis identifying the bacterial strains. Panels C–E show mRNA expression of Tnf-α, Il-6, and Il-1β in BV2 cells treated with bacterial supernatants. Panels F–H show dose-dependent changes in Tnf-α, Il-6, and Il-1β expression after K. pneumoniae supernatant treatment. Panel I shows the HMC3 treatment workflow. Panels J–L show TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β expression in HMC3 cells.

Klebsiella pneumoniae exhibits enhanced pro-inflammatory activity in BV2 microglial cells. (A) Experimental workflow for screening Escherichia and Klebsiella strains isolated from fecal samples of patients with epilepsy for their pro-inflammatory effects on BV2 microglial cells. (B) Phylogenetic analysis identifying B32 as Klebsiella pneumoniae and X48 as Escherichia coli. (C–E) mRNA expression of Tnf-α (C), Il-6 (D), and Il-1β (E) in BV2 cells treated with supernatants from Klebsiella pneumoniae (B32) and Escherichia coli (X48). (F–H) mRNA expression of Tnf-α (F), Il-6 (G), and Il-1β (H) in BV2 cells treated with increasing concentrations of K. pneumoniae supernatant. (I) Experimental workflow for transcript-level analysis of HMC3 cells treated with K. pneumoniae. (J–L) mRNA expression of TNF-α (J), IL-6 (K), and IL-1β (L) in HMC3 cells treated with increasing concentrations of K. pneumoniae supernatant. Data are presented as mean ± SEM (*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, ****p < 0.0001).