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. 2026 Sep 17;20:1850015. doi: 10.3389/fnins.2026.1850015

FIGURE 4.

This figure shows the in vivo experimental design and effects of K. pneumoniae colonization in a PTZ-induced seizure model. Panel A shows the experimental timeline. Panel B shows body weight during the experimental period. Panel C confirms intestinal colonization of K. pneumoniae. Panels D and E show increased seizure severity and reduced seizure latency. Panels F–J show hippocampal expression of inflammatory and neurotransmission-related genes. Panels K–N show intestinal expression of inflammatory and barrier-related genes.

Klebsiella pneumoniae colonization exacerbates seizure susceptibility and promotes systemic inflammation in vivo. (A) Experimental design for antibiotic pretreatment, K. pneumoniae colonization, and PTZ-induced seizures. (B) Body weight remains unchanged during the experimental period. (C) qPCR confirms successful intestinal colonization of K. pneumoniae. (D) Increased seizure severity following PTZ injection. (E) Reduced latency to the first seizure in K. pneumoniae-treated mice. (F–J) Hippocampal expression of Tnf-α (F), Il-6 (G), Il-1β (H), Gad1 (I) and Gad2 (J). (K–N) Intestinal expression of Tnf-α (K), Il-6 (L), Il-1β (M) and Ocln (N). Data are presented as mean ± SEM (**p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, ****p < 0.0001).