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. 2026 Jul 8;23:233. doi: 10.1186/s12985-026-03233-y

Table 3.

Retrospective purely spatial and space-time analyses of Zika incidence in Brazil, 2016–2023

Cluster* States Radius (Km) Number of Municipalities Number of cases Annual Rate/100,000 Relative Risk p-value
Analysis 1- Purely spatial
1 Espírito Santo and Minas Gerais. 137.4 58 53,990 47.3 6.2 < 0.001
2 Mato Grosso do Sul, Mato Grosso, Goiás, Tocantins and Pará. 614.5 301 28,736 49.5 5.5 < 0.001
3 Espírito Santo and Minas Gerais. 118.4 49 16,696 49.5 5.2 < 0.001
4 Minas Gerais. 27.5 8 3978 108.3 10.7 < 0.001
5 Alagoas. 34.0 14 4054 36.7 3.6 < 0.001
6 Maranhão. 18.0 2 3486 34.0 3.3 < 0.001
7 Tocantins. 68.6 8 1480 46.5 4.5 < 0.001
8 Bahia and Minas Gerais. 146.7 46 1978 30.4 3.0 < 0.001
9 Paraíba. 16.6 7 572 60.6 5.9 < 0.001
10 Tocantins and Pará. 127.0 18 993 28.1 2.7 < 0.001
11 Ceará. 15.6 2 193 106.9 10.4 < 0.001
12 Minas gerais. 15.7 3 401 35.9 3.5 < 0.001
13 Rio Grande do Norte. 17.0 3 112 124.8 12.1 < 0.001
14 Rio de Janeiro. 3.4 2 628 23.2 2.3 < 0.001
15 Minas Gerais. 30.6 3 118 77.0 2.5 < 0.001
16 Ceará. 51.8 3 307 29.5 2.9 < 0.001
17 São Paulo. 38.2 10 1153 16.4 1.6 < 0.001
18 Bahia. 35.3 7 242 29.2 2.8 < 0.001
19 Rio Grande do Norte and Paraíba. 18.7 6 200 29.7 2.9 < 0.001
20 Pernambuco and Paraíba. 29.0 4 133 38.5 3.7 < 0.001
21 Minas Gerais. 62.2 7 184 26.0 2.5 < 0.001
22 Ceará. 30.8 5 188 21.4 2.1 < 0.001
23 Rio Grande do Norte. 29.7 4 75 34.6 3.4 < 0.001
Analysis 2- Retrospective space-time
1 Bahia, Sergipe, Alagoas, Pernambuco, Ceará, Piauí, Maranhão, Espírito Santo, Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo, Minas Gerais, Mato Grosso do Sul, Mato Grosso, Goiás, Distrito Federal, Tocantins and Pará. 1056.90 2016 2770 113,470 118.3 31.08 < 0.001
2 Pernambuco and Alagoas. 29.66 2022 12 278 101.3 9.81 < 0.001
3 Acre and Amazonas. 201.62 2021 8 263 106.0 10.27 < 0.001
4 Rio Grande do Norte and Paraíba. 518.70 2021 to 2022 171 1730 17.8 1.73 < 0.001
5 Pernambuco and Paraíba. 18.77 2018 to 2021 3 117 74.9 7.25 < 0.001
6 Pernambuco and Alagoas. 17.42 2019 to 2022 5 127 62.4 6.04 < 0.001
7 Mato Grosso. 86.98 2020 8 97 76.5 7.40 < 0.001
8 Mato Grosso. 153.38 2018 19 310 27.2 2.64 < 0.001
9 Goiás. 115.60 2018 16 120 55.0 5.32 < 0.001
10 Mato Grosso. 93.18 2021 3 45 259.6 25.13 < 0.001
11 Espírito Santo. 135.19 2019 4 355 24.1 2.33 < 0.001
12 Tocantins. 58.25 2018 to 2019 4 92 66.7 6.46 < 0.001
13 Bahia. 42.75 2019 to 2021 7 149 38.7 3.74 < 0.001
14 Mato Grosso. 93.15 2020 5 90 54.5 5.27 < 0.001
15 Bahia. 29.04 2020 3 48 104.1 10.08 < 0.001
16 Alagoas. 21.73 2021 5 67 58.5 5.66 < 0.001
17 Bahia. 11.60 2022 2 32 125.0 12.09 < 0.001
18 Alagoas. 8.50 2021 3 23 170.9 16.53 < 0.001
19 Alagoas. 14.01 2021 2 31 100.2 9.70 < 0.001
20 Minas Gerais. 68.94 2019 12 72 31.6 3.06 < 0.001
21 Goiás. 15.24 2018 5 32 48.8 4.72 < 0.001
22 Paraíba. 16.15 2018 4 104 22.3 2.15 < 0.001
23 Paraíba. 12.99 2019 3 157 18.4 1.78 < 0.001
24 Alagoas. 42.24 2019 18 213 16.5 1.60 < 0.001

In the tables, non-significant clusters (p > 0.05), single-municipality clusters, and clusters with RR < 1 were excluded. Therefore, the cluster numbering may vary