Table 4.
Socio-demographic and economic correlates to smoking behavior in Bangladesh (GATS 2017-18)
| Variable | Log Age of Initiation* | Smoking Intensity** | Smoking Cessation*** |
|---|---|---|---|
| Coeff (p-value) | IRR (95%CI) | OR (95%CI) | |
| Gender | |||
| Male (rf) | 1 | 1 | |
| Female | -0.24 (0.003) | 0.64 (0.29, 1.41) | 0.64 (0.10, 4.21) |
| Age | |||
| 15–24 (rf) | 1 | 1 | |
| 25–34 | 0.16 (< 0.001) | 1.03 (0.69, 1.52) | 0.85 (0.47, 1.53) |
| 35–44 | 0.23 (< 0.001) | 1.51 (0.99, 2.31) | 1.00 (0.56, 1.80) |
| 45–54 | 0.19 (< 0.001) | 1.22 (0.83, 1.80) | 0.96 (0.53, 1.76) |
| ≥55 | 0.19 (< 0.001) | 1.31 (0.78, 2.19) | 1.20 (0.64, 2.23) |
| Residence | |||
| Urban (rf) | 1 | 1 | |
| Rural | -0.02 (0.479) | 0.84 (0.71, 1.01) | 0.90 (0.67, 1.21) |
| Division | |||
| Barisal (rf) | 1 | 1 | |
| Chattogram | 0.01 (0.998) | 1.00 (0.47, 2.11) | 0.30 (0.17, 0.53) |
| Dhaka | 0.01 (0.777) | 0.96 (0.46, 2.01) | 1.12 (0.67, 1.89) |
| Khulna | 0.05 (0.165) | 2.32 (0.93, 5.81) | 0.80 (0.46, 1.42) |
| Mymensingh | -0.10 (0.003) | 4.72 (1.86, 11.97) | 0.60 (0.35, 1.05) |
| Rajshahi | 0.01 (0.787) | 0.87 (0.40, 1.88) | 0.81 (0.48, 1.39) |
| Rangpur | 0.07 (0.019) | 1.10 (0.51, 2.38) | 0.82 (0.50, 1.35) |
| Sylhet | -0.03 (0.349) | 0.93 (0.45, 1.96) | 0.50 (0.29, 0.87) |
| Educational Level | |||
| No Formal School (rf) | 1 | 1 | |
| Less Than Primary | 0.05 (0.014) | 0.83 (0.64, 1.09) | 1.33 (0.91, 1.95) |
| Primary School Completed | 0.08 (0.001) | 1.00 (0.74, 1.34) | 0.98 (0.61, 1.58) |
| Less Than Secondary | 0.06 (0.015) | 0.80 (0.63, 1.02) | 1.10 (0.72, 1.67) |
| School Completed | 0.13 (< 0.001) | 1.27 (0.70, 2.32) | 0.98 (0.53, 1.79) |
| High School Completed | 0.18 (< 0.001) | 1.11 (0.78, 1.57) | 1.62 (0.76, 3.48) |
| Graduation Completed | 0.17 (0.001) | 0.94 (0.58, 1.54) | 2.23 (1.02, 4.88) |
| Postgraduate Degree | 0.16 (0.006) | 0.82 (0.47, 1.43) | 3.13 (1.13, 8.70) |
| Occupation | |||
| Government Employee (rf) | 1 | 1 | |
| Non-Government Employee | 0.11 (0.037) | 1.31 (0.83, 2.05) | 1.32 (0.44, 3.96) |
| Business (Small) | 0.17 (0.007) | 1.57 (0.94, 2.63) | 2.03 (0.69, 5.91) |
| Business (Large) | 0.09 (0.127) | 1.53 (0.89, 2.63) | 1.86 (0.55, 6.31) |
| Farming (Land Owner & Farmer) | 0.12 (0.032) | 1.63 (0.91, 2.90) | 3.03 (1.00, 9.17) |
| Agricultural Worker | 0.11 (0.088) | 1.90 (1.03, 3.51) | 2.49 (0.76, 8.17) |
| Industrial Worker | 0.09 (0.111) | 1.28 (0.75, 2.21) | 1.26 (0.25, 6.35) |
| Daily Laborer | 0.07 (0.193) | 1.95 (1.14, 3.35) | 1.49 (0.49, 4.51) |
| Other Self-Employed | 0.06 (0.463) | 1.82 (1.02, 3.24) | 2.05 (0.66, 6.39) |
| Student | 0.36 (0.021) | 0.88 (0.40, 1.93) | 2.87 (0.61, 13.43) |
| Retired | 0.10 (0.14) | 1.51 (0.58, 3.97) | 3.39 (0.87, 13.24) |
| Unemployed, Able to Work | 0.08 (0.215) | 2.22 (1.10, 4.5) | 1.49 (0.38, 5.86) |
| Unemployed, Unable to Work | -0.02 (0.851) | 0.97 (0.54, 1.77) | 1.97 (0.50, 7.80) |
| Other (Specify) | 0.08 (0.195) | 1.28 (0.75, 2.18) | 2.88 (0.86, 9.63) |
| Wealth Index | |||
| Poorest (rf) | 1 | 1 | |
| Poorer | 0.02 (0.496) | 0.97 (0.64, 1.46) | 0.58 (0.29, 1.18) |
| Poor | -0.02 (0.635) | 0.83 (0.56, 1.22) | 0.63 (0.31, 1.28) |
| Rich | 0.03 (0.33) | 0.95 (0.64, 1.42) | 1.15 (0.65, 2.02) |
| Richest | 0.03 (0.286) | 0.98 (0.66, 1.45) | 0.82 (0.48, 1.40) |
| Constant | 2.66 (< 0.001) | 7.27 (2.43, 21.81) | 0.27 (0.04, 1.73) |
OR Odds Ratio, IRR Incidence Rate Ratio, Ref Reference category (IRR = 1, OR = 1)
*A survey-weighted linear model has been fitted to the log-transformed age of initiation
**A survey-weighted negative binomial regression model has been applied to smoking intensity
***Firth’s penalized logistic regression model has been employed to cessation (successful cessation attempt is coded as 1 and unsuccessful cessation attempt is coded as 0)