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. 2026 Sep 18;13:1883973. doi: 10.3389/fcvm.2026.1883973

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© 2026 Li, Wang, Xuan, Zhang, Qian and Li.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Line graph depicting age-adjusted mortality rates (AAMR) per one hundred thousand population from 1999 to 2023 by sex: highest rates for males (blue), intermediate for both sexes (red), and lowest for females (green). All groups show a declining trend in AAMR over time, with males consistently higher than females. Annual percent change (APC) values with confidence intervals are presented below the graph for each sex, detailing rate changes across multiple time periods. — Overall and sex-stratified IHD-related AAMR per 100,000 population in the United States, 1999–2023.