Table 2.

Baseline regression results for the effect of digital village participation on rural residents’ happiness.

Variables	(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)	(5)
	Happiness	Happiness	Happiness	Happiness	Happiness
Digital village participation	0.220***
	(0.0811)
Digital infrastructure		0.201***
		(0.0606)
Digital economy			−0.0600
			(0.0777)
Digital governance				0.246***
				(0.0413)
Digital life					0.338***
					(0.0422)
Age	0.0089***	0.0087***	0.0083***	0.0103***	0.0120***
	(0.0019)	(0.0020)	(0.0019)	(0.002)	(0.002)
Gender	−0.0138	−0.00839	−0.0133	−0.0223	−0.0329
	(0.0840)	(0.0841)	(0.0840)	(0.0841)	(0.0843)
Marriage	−0.0961***	−0.0946***	−0.0956***	−0.0936***	−0.109***
	(0.0324)	(0.0324)	(0.0324)	(0.0325)	(0.0325)
Education	0.0992***	0.0989***	0.103***	0.0866***	0.0822***
	(0.0194)	(0.0194)	(0.0194)	(0.0196)	(0.0196)
Family size	−0.0329**	−0.0312**	−0.0298**	−0.0320**	−0.0369***
	(0.0134)	(0.0134)	(0.0134)	(0.0134)	(0.0135)
Household income	0.0037***	0.0036***	0.0038***	0.0033***	0.0032***
	(0.001)	(0.001)	(0.001)	(0.001)	(0.001)
Terrain	−0.0526**	−0.0510**	−0.0583***	−0.0532**	−0.0392*
	(0.0222)	(0.0222)	(0.0221)	(0.0221)	(0.0222)
Distance	0.0043	0.0045	0.0042	0.0034	0.0057
	(0.0036)	(0.0037)	(0.0036)	(0.0036)	(0.0037)
Observations	3,126	3,126	3,126	3,126	3,126
Pseudo R2	0.0126	0.0131	0.0116	0.0165	0.0205

^*p < 0.1, ^**p < 0.05, ^***p < 0.01.