. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2006 Feb 10.

Published in final edited form as: Pain. 2005 Sep;117(1-2):121–127. doi: 10.1016/j.pain.2005.05.028

Table 3.

Standardized direct, indirect, and total effects for models of psychosocial and physical impairment

Exogenous variable	Endogenous variable
	Psychosocial impairment	Physical impairment
Pain severity
Direct effect	0.24^*	0.51^*
Indirect effect via life control	0.14^*	0.07^**
Total effect	0.38^*	0.58^*
PTSD symptoms
Direct effect	0.33^*	-0.03
Indirect effect via life control	0.12^*	N/A
Total effect	0.45^*	0.03

p<0.05

^**

p<0.001.