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. 2026 Sep 8;105(12):107740. doi: 10.1016/j.psj.2026.107740

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© 2026 The Authors

This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

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Fig. 7 — Transcriptome sequencing and immune-related gene expression in the intestine of chickens immunized with live or dead EF32 combined with recombinant L. plantarum strains.(A) Principal component analysis (PCA) of transcriptomes between the live EF32 group (LEF32Mix) and dead EF32 group (dEF32Mix).(B) Correlation analysis of gene expression levels between the two groups.(C) Volcano plot showing differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between LEF32Mix and dEF32Mix (red: upregulated; blue: downregulated; gray: not significant).(D) Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analysis of DEGs.(E) Relative mRNA expression levels of immune-related genes (CCR9, CD28, CD86) in the intestine.Data are presented as mean ± SD; *P < 0.05, ns: not significant vs. G5 group.