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. 2026 Sep 21;16:1923547. doi: 10.3389/fonc.2026.1923547

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Copyright © 2026 Liu, Qi, Wang and Hu.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Proposed experimental framework summary chart outlining lysosomal stress models, factorial molecular perturbations, and time-resolved paired readouts, leading to decision outcomes on coordinated pre-death mechanisms, context-dependent mechanisms, or injury-related release pathways, including visual icons of cellular processes and timelines for experimental steps. — Experimental decision framework for testing the proposed cargo-fate switch. Figure 2 presents the proposed experimental decision framework rather than completed experiments. A coordinated pre-death sequence with trafficking dependence supports the integrated model; arm-specific effects favor parallel or context-dependent mechanisms, whereas particles increasing only with cell death favor injury-related release.