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. 2026 Sep 21;13:1898248. doi: 10.3389/fcvm.2026.1898248

Figure 3.

Forest plot showing associations between four body composition exposures—visceral fat, total body fat, fat mass index, and fat-free mass index—and three cardiovascular outcomes, represented by colored points and confidence intervals for Alx (brown), cfPWV (purple), and cPP (turquoise). Corresponding beta coefficients, confidence intervals, p-values, and R-squared values are presented in a results table on the right.

Multivariable linear regression analysis for the association between BIA measurements and arterial stiffness indices (cfPWV: n = 210; AIx: n = 212; cPP: n = 206). All models were adjusted for age, sex, hypertension, heart rate, diabetes, smoking, physical activity, alcohol use disorder, LDL-cholesterol, intake antihypertensives. All p-values and CIs are based on calculated robust standard errors. FDR-adjusted p-values and adjusted R2 values are reported. BIA, Bioelectrical impedance analysis; AIx, Augmentation index; cfPWV, Carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity; cPP, Central pulse pressure; CI, Confidence interval.