Table 1.
Participant demographic information
| ENG (n = 259) | HK (n = 266) | MC (n = 324) | Effect sizes for group differences | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Child | ||||
| Age (M, SD) | 5.26 (0.37) | 4.94 (0.36) | 5.28 (0.64) | η2 = 0.090 [0.055, 0.127] |
| Range | 4.42–6.52 years | 4.00–5.74 years | 4.01–6.49 years | |
| Gender (% female) | 127 (49) | 129 (48) | 155 (48) | Cramér’s V = 0.010 [0.000, 0.034] |
| Gender (% male) | 132 (51) | 137 (52) | 169 (52) | |
| Parent | ||||
| Age (M, SD) | 38.44 (4.53) | 37.88 (3.98) | 34.92 (3.93) | η2 = 0.129 [0.089, 0.170] |
| Range | 20–54 years | 28–53 years | 23–47 years | |
| Gender (% female) | 243 (94) | 238 (90) | 308 (95) | Cramér’s V = 0.082 [0.000, 0.144] |
| Gender (% male) | 16 (6) | 26 (10) | 16 (5) | |
| Parent education (% degree-level) | 223 (86) | 147 (55) | 269 (83) | η2 = 0.134 [0.094, 0.176] |
| Perceived social standing (M, SD) | 6.53 (1.40) | 6.23 (1.53) | 5.94 (1.48) | η2 = 0.027 [0.009, 0.051] |
Parent education (% degree-level) = percentage of parents having a bachelor’s degree or higher. Perceived social standing = parents’ perceived standing on a 10-rung social ladder. All child and parent participants identified as either male or female; 95% confidence intervals are presented in brackets.
ENG England, HK Hong Kong, MC Mainland China.