. 2026 Jun 17;4:133. doi: 10.1038/s44271-026-00484-x

Table 3.

Bivariate correlations

	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10
A. England
1. Mind-mindedness^a	–
2. Positive control	0.25**	–
3. Psychological distress^b	−0.16*	−0.19**	–
4. Internalizing problems^c	0.00	−0.09	0.25**	–
Covariates
5. Child age	0.11⁺	0.04	0.07	0.16*	–
6. Child gender	−0.06	0.01	−0.02	0.07	0.11⁺	–
7. Parent age	0.02	0.08	−0.06	−0.02	0.03	−0.08	–
8. Parent gender	0.01	−0.01	−0.03	0.08	0.04	−0.01	−0.11⁺	–
9. Parent education	0.11⁺	0.02	−0.10	0.05	0.00	−0.02	0.23**	−0.08	–
10. Perceived social standing	0.08	0.02	−0.25**	−0.08	−0.04	0.04	0.21**	−0.09	0.35**	–
11. Non-mental frequency	0.40**	0.07	−0.11⁺	−0.09	−0.10	−0.01	0.05	0.08	0.11⁺	.03
B. Hong Kong
1. Mind-mindedness^a	–
2. Positive control	0.18**	–
3. Psychological distress^b	0.11⁺	−0.02	–
4. Internalizing problems^c	0.03	0.05	0.25**	–
Covariates
5. Child age	0.03	−0.20**	−0.03	−0.15*	–
6. Child gender	-0.09	-0.07	0.05	0.14*	0.06	–
7. Parent age	0.19**	0.08	0.08	0.00	0.02	−0.06	–
8. Parent gender	0.16**	0.03	0.10⁺	−0.08	0.00	0.04	−0.07	–
9. Parent education	0.19**	0.28**	−0.10	−0.01	−0.08	−0.09	0.03	−0.09	–
10. Perceived social standing	0.03	0.08	−0.34**	−0.01	−0.09	0.00	−0.11⁺	0.09	0.31**	–
11. Non-mental frequency	0.27**	0.00	−0.08	−0.06	0.02	−0.03	0.02	0.07	0.09	.05
C. Mainland China
1. Mind-mindedness^a	–
2. Positive control	0.10⁺	–
3. Psychological distress^b	−0.08	−0.16**	–
4. Internalizing problems^c	0.04	−0.12*	0.26**	–
Covariates
5. Child age	0.09	−0.08	−0.21**	−0.09	–
6. Child gender	0.07	0.10⁺	0.04	−0.05	0.00	–
7. Parent age	0.04	0.11⁺	−0.08	−0.11*	0.14*	0.03	–
8. Parent gender	−0.02	0.00	−0.02	−0.07	−0.02	−0.01	−0.04	–
9. Parent education	0.16**	0.22**	−0.18**	−0.13*	−0.01	0.09	0.18**	−0.08	–
10. Perceived social standing	0.10⁺	0.10⁺	−0.15**	−0.08	0.02	−0.07	−0.03	−0.04	0.25**	–
11. Non-mental frequency	0.59**	0.05	−0.04	0.06	−0.08	−0.09	0.06	0.05	0.05	0.03

Child and parent gender were dummy coded with male being the reference category.

**p < 0.01. *p < 0.05. ⁺p < 0.10.

^aFrequency of mental attributes.

^bLatent factor scores for psychological distress.

^cLatent factor scores for internalizing problems.