Table 4.
Robust maximum-likelihood estimates for the moderation models predicting children’s internalizing problems
| ENG | HK | MC | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Est. | SE | Std.Est. | 95% CI | Est. | SE | Std.Est. | 95% CI | Est. | SE | Std.Est. | 95% CI | |
| Child age | 0.100 | 0.089 | 0.080 | [−0.059, 0.219] | −0.102 | 0.047 | −0.143* | [−0.264, −0.021] | −0.015 | 0.018 | −0.041 | [−0.139, 0.056] |
| Child gender | 0.086 | 0.055 | 0.099 | [−0.026, 0.223] | 0.081 | 0.034 | 0.158* | [0.030, 0.285] | −0.023 | 0.024 | −0.051 | [−0.152, 0.051] |
| Parent age | −0.001 | 0.006 | −0.009 | [−0.132, 0.115] | −0.001 | 0.004 | −0.018 | [−0.137, 0.101] | −0.004 | 0.004 | −0.068 | [−0.192, 0.056] |
| Parent gender | 0.136 | 0.099 | 0.070 | [−0.031, 0.170] | −0.110 | 0.061 | −0.132 | [−0.276, 0.011] | −0.080 | 0.063 | −0.077 | [−0.196, 0.041] |
| Parent education | 0.039 | 0.029 | 0.082 | [−0.038, 0.201] | −0.009 | 0.013 | −0.041 | [−0.159, 0.078] | −0.023 | 0.016 | −0.081 | [-.189, .027] |
| Perceived social standing | −0.017 | 0.023 | −0.055 | [−0.199, 0.090] | 0.007 | 0.011 | 0.042 | [−0.088, 0.171] | −0.006 | 0.010 | −0.040 | [−0.164, 0.083] |
| Non-mental frequency | −0.004 | 0.003 | −0.096 | [−0.233, 0.041] | −0.001 | 0.002 | −0.019 | [−0.145, 0.108] | 0.001 | 0.003 | 0.016 | [−0.116, 0.148] |
| Psychological distress | 0.006 | 0.007 | 0.064 | [−0.094, 0.222] | 0.012 | 0.004 | 0.256** | [0.111, 0.402] | 0.007 | 0.002 | 0.206** | [0.093, 0.318] |
| Mind-mindedness | 0.001 | 0.005 | 0.025 | [−0.150, 0.200] | 0.003 | 0.004 | 0.081 | [−0.089, 0.251] | 0.004 | 0.003 | 0.089 | [−0.030, 0.208] |
| Positive control | −0.022 | 0.021 | −0.066 | [−0.189, 0.056] | 0.007 | 0.013 | 0.034 | [−0.090, 0.157] | −0.016 | 0.011 | −0.076 | [−0.179, 0.026] |
| Mind-mindedness × Psychological distress | −0.003 | 0.001 | −0.264** | [−0.449, −0.080] | 0.000 | 0.001 | −0.047 | [−0.217, 0.123] | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.064 | [−0.033, 0.161] |
| Positive control × Psychological distress | −0.004 | 0.004 | −0.074 | [−0.204, 0.055] | −0.004 | 0.003 | −0.113 | [−0.257, 0.031] | −0.004 | 0.002 | −0.110* | [−0.212, −0.008] |
Est. = unstandardized estimate; significant estimates are shown in bold. Std. Est. = standardized estimate; 95% CI = 95% confidence intervals for standardized estimates. Child and parent gender were dummy coded with male being the reference category.
ENG England, HK Hong Kong, MC Mainland China.
**p < 0.01; *p < 0.05.