Table 7.
Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis of daily habits and school learning environment associated with suspected scoliosis.
| Variable | Category | Univariate analysis | Multivariate analysis | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| p value | OR (95% CI) | p value | OR (95% CI) | ||
| Daily electronic device use | < 1 h per day | 1 | 1 | ||
| 1–2 h per day | 0.185 | 1.299 (0.883–1.912) | 0.286 | 1.703 (0.639–4.539) | |
| > 2 h per day | 0.217 | 1.439 (0.796–2.601) | 0.294 | 1.690 (0.634–4.503) | |
| Daily physical exercise | > 2 h per day | 1 | 1 | ||
| < 1 h per day | <0.001 | 6.820 (3.434–13.542) | <0.001 | 3.917 (2.241–6.846) | |
| 1–2 h per day | 0.407 | 1.973 (0.391–9.829) | — | — | |
| Pen-holding posture | Type 0 (correct grip) | 1 | 1 | ||
| Type 1 | 0.691 | 0.804 (0.380–1.704) | — | — | |
| Type 2 | 0.839 | 1.177 (0.555–2.497) | — | — | |
| Type 3 | 0.034 | 2.185 (1.063–4.490) | 0.042 | 2.137 (1.076–4.243) | |
| Type 4 | 0.123 | 1.960 (0.833–4.615) | 0.109 | 2.229 (0.836–5.938) | |
| Type 5 | 0.444 | 0.555 (0.173–1.784) | — | — | |
| Type 6 | 0.271 | 1.930 (0.602–6.223) | — | — | |
| Type 8 | 1.000 | 0.976 (0.132–7.205) | — | — | |
| Interocular difference in myopia degree ≥ 100° | No | 1 | 1 | ||
| Yes | 0.189 | 1.679 (0.773–3.639) | 0.322 | 1.412 (0.714–2.795) | |
| Picky eating habits | No | 1 | 1 | ||
| Yes | <0.001 | 3.565 (2.124–5.984) | <0.001 | 3.563 (1.794–7.076) | |
| Regular adjustment of chair and desk height | No | 1 | 1 | ||
| Yes | <0.001 | 0.167 (0.092–0.306) | <0.001 | 0.157 (0.083–0.297) | |
| Habitual standing posture | Always stands with good posture | 1 | 1 | ||
| Occasionally shifts or adjusts stance | 0.327 | 0.771 (0.458–1.298) | — | — | |
| Stands however feels comfortable | 0.486 | 1.208 (0.709–2.057) | — | — | |
| Mattress firmness | Medium | 1 | 1 | ||
| Soft | 0.155 | 1.547 (0.844–2.836) | 0.103 | 1.703 (0.898–3.232) | |
| Firm | 0.526 | 0.720 (0.259–1.999) | — | — | |
| Extracurricular class attendance | None | 1 | 1 | ||
| Academic or arts classes only | 0.353 | 0.776 (0.453–1.328) | — | — | |
| Sports or physical activity only | 0.866 | 0.940 (0.460–1.923) | — | — | |
| Both academic and sports classes | 0.565 | 1.185 (0.664–2.115) | — | — | |
| Regular rotation of classroom seating between left and right sides | No | 1 | 1 | ||
| Yes | <0.001 | 0.216 (0.120–0.389) | <0.001 | 0.204 (0.109–0.382) | |
OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval. “—” indicates categories excluded from multivariate analysis (p ≥ 0.25 in univariate analysis or zero events in the suspected scoliosis group). All categories with p < 0.25 in univariate analysis were entered simultaneously (Enter method); no stepwise selection was applied. Each retained category was modeled as a binary indicator versus all remaining categories combined. Estimates are adjusted within, but not across, domains (see Table 8). p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.