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. 2026 Oct 1;43(10):554–562. doi: 10.4274/balkanmedj.galenos.2026.2026-7-15

TABLE 2. Ratings Across the Five Images in the Fixed Context Sequence, Male-Image Stream (n = 189). Values are Mean ± Standard Deviation on a 1–5 Likert Scale.

Perception item

Neutral

Open

Endo

Lap

Robotic

χ 2

p*

W

Trust*

4.03 ± 1.00

4.07 ± 1.09

4.00 ± 1.07

3.94 ± 1.23

4.11 ± 1.07

10.7

0.329

0.014

Choice likelihood*

4.04 ± 1.05

4.08 ± 1.12

4.05 ± 1.09

3.93 ± 1.20

4.08 ± 1.11

8.9

0.708

0.012

Technical competence

4.05 ± 1.05

4.10 ± 1.11

4.02 ± 1.09

3.90 ± 1.19

4.11 ± 1.10

11.1

0.278

0.015

Professionalism

4.08 ± 1.04

4.04 ± 1.14

4.03 ± 1.12

3.95 ± 1.23

4.11 ± 1.09

1.9

1.000

0.003

Communication comfort

4.03 ± 1.03

4.04 ± 1.11

3.94 ± 1.10

3.84 ± 1.24

4.02 ± 1.11

9.6

0.527

0.013

Cleanliness/hygiene

4.05 ± 1.04

4.05 ± 1.12

4.01 ± 1.13

3.96 ± 1.18

4.12 ± 1.10

7.5

1.000

0.010

Leadership

3.91 ± 1.04

4.04 ± 1.13

3.95 ± 1.10

3.92 ± 1.20

4.08 ± 1.13

18.4

0.012

0.024

Experience

3.96 ± 1.06

4.04 ± 1.11

3.98 ± 1.10

3.89 ± 1.21

4.04 ± 1.13

11.3

0.255

0.015

Uneventful surgery

3.97 ± 1.05

4.02 ± 1.13

3.98 ± 1.11

3.86 ± 1.21

4.03 ± 1.13

10.9

0.304

0.014

Comfort when treated

4.02 ± 1.00

3.99 ± 1.14

3.96 ± 1.11

3.94 ± 1.19

4.08 ± 1.10

5.2

1.000

0.007

Attractiveness

3.50 ± 1.32

3.67 ± 1.29

3.65 ± 1.29

3.59 ± 1.35

3.68 ± 1.35

22.0

0.002

0.029