Table 2. Representative multifunctional hydrogel design features and wound-healing functions.

Design feature	Functional component	Targeted wound-healing role	Ref.
Silver nanoparticles/cationic polymer	Antimicrobial agent	Preventing biofilm/infection	34
ROS-scavenging moiety (MnO2)	Anti-oxidative stress	Reducing ROS in chronic wound	35
Growth factor (EGF, VEGF) loaded	Pro-angiogenic	Stimulating angiogenesis, granulation	36
Stimuli-responsive crosslinks (e.g., pH/ROS)	Smart release network	Releasing on demand release in responsive wound micro-environment	37
Adhesive moieties (e.g., dopamine)	Tissue adhesion	Conform to irregular wounds, reduce detachment	38