Table 1.
Baseline characteristics and hormone levels of the study population
| Total | Girls | Boys | P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Anthropometrics | ||||
| n (%) | 485 | 218 (45) | 267 (55) | |
| Age (years) | 10.80 [9.56, 12.61] | 10.71 [9.73, 12.44] | 10.84 [9.46, 12.78] | 0.870 |
| Height (cm) | 146.0 [137.9,157.0] | 146[137.2, 156.4] | 146.5 [138.5, 159.25] | 0.226 |
| Weight (kg) | 36.70 [31.58, 45.90] | 36.00 [31.18, 44.17] | 36.70 [31.45, 45.80] | 0.431 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 17.20 [15.70, 18.90] | 17.30 [15.70, 19.00] | 17.00 [15.60, 18.60] | 0.498 |
| BMI z-score | −0.08 (1.05) | −0.01 (1.01) | −0.16 (1.08) | 0.076 |
| Waist circumf. (cm) | 63.50 [59.0, 70.00] | 63.0 (58.4, 68.6) | 64.0 [59.0, 70.0] | 0.460 |
| Waist circumf. z-score | 0.14 (1.08) | 0.26 (1.09) | 0.04 (1.06) | 0.051 |
| Total fat mass % (DXA) | 20.28 [15.10, 27.01] | 24.21 [19.84, 29.85] | 16.25 [11.97, 21.98] | <0.001 |
| Puberty | ||||
| Pubertal (T2-5), n (%) | 273 (61.3) | 110 (53.9) | 163 (67.6) | 0.001 |
| Lipids | ||||
| HDL (mg/dL) | 1.58 [1.34, 1.89] | 1.55 [1.37, 1.84] | 1.60 [1.34, 1.91] | 0.565 |
| LDL (mg/dL) | 2.25 [1.89, 2.69] | 2.43 [2.07, 2.79] | 2.17 [1.78, 2.56] | <0.001 |
| Triglycerides (mg/dL) | 0.58 [0.47, 0.76] | 0.63 [0.52, 0.82] | 0.54 [0.45, 0.70] | <0.001 |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 4.24 [3.75, 4.65] | 4.37 [3.94, 4.75] | 4.14 [3.63, 4.55] | <0.001 |
| Biomarkers | ||||
| GLP-1 (pmol/L) | 4.64 [3.81, 5.65] | 4.56 [3.65, 5.61] | 4.73 [3.89, 5.65] | 0.385 |
| GIP (pg/mL) | 113.27 [83.89, 151.88] | 117.18 [83.91, 157.97] | 111.89 [83.93, 147.52] | 0.603 |
| Glucagon (pmol/L) | 6.10 [4.99, 7.67] | 5.95 [4.77, 7.44] | 6.27 [5.07, 7.86] | 0.121 |
| Insulin (microIU/ml) | 4.20 [2.95, 5.80] | 4.80 [3.60, 6.58] | 3.60 [2.70, 5.50] | <0.001 |
| Fasting Plasma glucose (mg/dl) | 5.00 [4.73, 5.30] | 5.00 [4.70, 5.30] | 5.10 [4.80, 5.40] | 0.045 |
| Insulin resistance | ||||
| HOMA IR | 1.10 (0.75) | 1.20 (0.63) | 1.02 (0.83) | 0.011 |
| HOMA2-IR | 0.55 (0.33) | 0.60 (0.30) | 0.50 (0.35) | <0.001 |
Data presented as median [interquartile range] and mean (SD) for continuous variables depending on distribution and frequencies (percentage; %) for categorical variables. P values were determined by Wilcoxon rank sum tests for continuous data and chi-square tests for categorical data. Statistically significant results are in bold.
BMI body mass index, WC waist circumference, HDL high-density lipoprotein, LDL low-density lipoprotein, GLP-1 glucagon-like peptide 1, GIP glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide, HOMA-IR Homeostatic Model Assessment 2 for Insulin Resistance, HOMA2-IR Homeostatic Model Assessment for Insulin Resistance version 2.