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. 2026 Sep 22;14:1955306. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2026.1955306

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Copyright © 2026 Li, Ke, Feng, Lin and Chen.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Flowchart illustrating participant inclusion and exclusion for accelerometer-based physical activity analysis: from 103,662 with measured data, 7,026 were excluded for wear time, calibration, data, or acceleration issues; 1,433 were further excluded for inflammatory bowel disease, resulting in 95,197 participants analyzed. — The flow chart of participants through the study.