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. 2026 Sep 22;17:1917204. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2026.1917204

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Copyright © 2026 Singh, Meena, Choudhary, Y, Meena, Meena, Dayanand, Shekhawat, Dular, Kachouli, Shivran, Marker, Kumar, Choudhary, Birbal, Rathore, Kanojia, Singh, Gupta and Verma.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Nine-panel grid of AMMI1 biplots displaying genotype-by-environment interactions for traits DF, DM, PH, SY, TW, HI, TCC, 4-HIL, and TSS, with green vectors for genotypes and red points for environments. — AMMI 1 biplots illustrating genotype × environment (G × E) interactions and stability patterns of seven fenugreek genotypes evaluated across nine environments for phenological, growth, and yield-attributing and biological traits. The biplots display the relationship between genotype and environmental responses based on trait means and Interaction Principal Component Axis 1 (IPCA1), enabling identification of stable and specifically adapted genotypes across environments.