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. 2026 Sep 22;17:1917204. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2026.1917204

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Copyright © 2026 Singh, Meena, Choudhary, Y, Meena, Meena, Dayanand, Shekhawat, Dular, Kachouli, Shivran, Marker, Kumar, Choudhary, Birbal, Rathore, Kanojia, Singh, Gupta and Verma.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Grid of nine AMMI2 biplots labeled DF, DM, PH, SY, TW, HI, TCC, 4-HIL, and TSS, each showing principal component axes with green lines connecting environment (red) and genotype (green or blue) points for multivariate analysis. — AMMI2 biplots depicting the magnitude and pattern of genotype × environment (G × E) interactions among seven fenugreek genotypes evaluated across nine environments for key phenological, growth, and yield-attributing and biochemical traits. The biplots were generated using the first two interaction principal component axes (IPCA1 and IPCA2) derived from AMMI analysis, enabling simultaneous assessment of genotype stability, environmental influence, and specific adaptation. Genotypes and environments located near the origin indicate broad adaptability and greater stability, whereas those positioned farther from the origin exhibit stronger interaction effects and specific environmental responsiveness.