Table 2.

Estimates of the measurement model.

Construct	Indicator	Loading	Cronbach’s α	CR	ρA	AVE
GenAI use	Further study and job seeking	0.791	0.807	0.873	0.817	0.632
	Daily life	0.782
	Research activities	0.841
	Course learning	0.762
GenAI feedback literacy	Ethical dimension	0.831	0.894	0.927	0.897	0.761
	Affective dimension	0.862
	Behavioural dimension	0.929
	Cognitive dimension	0.864
Critical thinking	CT Parcel 1	0.877	0.761	0.864	0.769	0.680
	CT Parcel 2	0.836
	CT Parcel 3	0.755
Reflective thinking	Habitual action	0.875	0.886	0.922	0.889	0.747
	Reflection	0.882
	Critical reflection	0.851
	Understanding	0.847