Table 2.

Complications and Their Clinical Course (n=23).

Complications	Patients, n (%)	Management	Outcome	RA status
Heterotopic ossification	1 (4.3)	Conservative	No functional limitation	+
Aseptic loosening (humeral component)	1 (4.3)	Conservative observation	Stable, no pain, good function	+
Superficial infection	3 (13.0)	Oral antibiotics and wound care	Complete healing, no recurrence	All +
Deep infection (MRSA)	1 (4.3)	Implant removal at 5 months	Infection eradicated, flail elbow	+

Note: All six complications, including heterotopic ossification, occurred exclusively in patients with underlying RA.

MRSA: methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus; RA: rheumatoid arthritis.