Table 2.

Intervention measures and principles for cognitive impairment in elderly critically ill patients.

Category	Early identification	Early intervention
Main principles	Correction of factors affecting cognitive function	Hospital Elder Life Program (HELP)
	eCASH care	Multimodal analgesia: Behavioral Pain Scale (BPS), Critical-Care Pain Observation Tool (CPOT), Visual Analog Scale (VAS), Numerical Rating Scale (NRS) Maintenance of light sedation: Richmond Agitation-Sedation Scale (RASS)
	ICU interventions	Medication safety management (benzodiazepines, opioids, anticholinergics, systemic corticosteroids), early mobilization, sleep improvement, reduction of physical restraints, and reorientation training
Specific Measures of Multicomponent Nonpharmacological Interventions	Behavioral and psychological symptoms interventions	Music therapy, touch therapy, aromatherapy
	Home safety care	Fall prevention, management of dangerous items, and ensuring environmental familiarity