Table 1.
Characteristics, biological functions, and translational status of TEP ncRNA biomarkers in cancer.
| Marker type | TEP biomarker | Cancer | Expression | Technique | Biological function | Evidence stage | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| miRNAs | miR-223 | LC | Up | qRT-PCR | miR−223 reduces EPB41L3 protein expression by binding to the 3′ UTR of tumor−suppressor gene EPB41L3 mRNA and inhibiting its translation, thereby promoting lung cancer cell invasion. | Preclinical | (43) |
| miR-711 | PC | Up | qRT-PCR | Tumor exposure alters platelet miR-711 and miR-600 levels; platelet exposure is associated with increased pancreatic cancer cell proliferation, migration, clonogenicity, and stemness-related gene expression. | Discovery | (58) | |
| miR-600 | Up | ||||||
| miR-495-3p | HCC | Down | RNA-seq, qRT-PCR |
Predicted-target enrichment implicated pathways involving cellular catabolism, Wnt, FoxO, ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis, autophagy, TGF-β, and mTOR. | Validation | (59) | |
| miR-136-5p | Down | ||||||
| miR-1293 | Up | ||||||
| miR-34c-3P | NPC | Up | qRT-PCR | miR-34C-3P and miR-18a-5p regulate the expression of oncogenes and tumor−suppressor genes by participating in cell proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, invasion, and metastasis. | Validation | (78) | |
| miR-18a-5p | Up | ||||||
| miR-28 | MPN | Up | qRT-PCR | miR-28 targets the 3′ UTR of the thrombopoietin receptor MPL and inhibits its translation. It also regulates protein-coding genes involved in megakaryocyte differentiation, thereby contributing to the pathogenesis of MPNs. | Preclinical | (60) | |
| miR-199b-3p | LC | Down | RNA-seq, qRT-PCR |
miR−199b−3p targets KTN1, which participates in cell adhesion, mitotic spindle regulation, migration and invasion and correlates with poor prognosis | Validation | (79) | |
| miR-24 | LLC | Up | qRT-PCR | miR-24 recruits mt-Nd2 mRNA and Snora75 to RISC and suppresses their expression and associated protein production in an miR-24-dependent manner, thereby inducing mitochondrial dysfunction, apoptosis, and inhibition of tumor cell proliferation. | Preclinical | (53) | |
| lncRNAs | lncRNA CCAT1 | CRC | Up | qRT-PCR | – | Validation | (88) |
| lncRNA HOTTIP | Up | ||||||
| AL355574.1 | GC | Up | qRT-PCR | These lncRNAs affect prognosis and immunotherapy efficacy in patients with gastric cancer by influencing immune−related signaling pathways, including complement and coagulation cascades and ECM–receptor interactions, and by linking DNA methylation to the EMT process. | Discovery | (93) | |
| AL513123.1 | Up | ||||||
| AC002401.4 | Up | ||||||
| LINC01094 | Up | ||||||
| AL356417.2 | Up | ||||||
| LINC01697 | Down | ||||||
| AC129507.1 | Down | ||||||
| linc-GTF2H2-1 | LC | Down | qRT-PCR | These lncRNAs influence tumor development, progression, and metastasis by participating in the regulation of gene expression. | Validation | (36) | |
| RP3-466P17.2 | Down | ||||||
| lnc-ST8SIA4-12 | Up | ||||||
| lncRNA ROR | NPC | Down | qRT-PCR | lncRNA ROR promotes the proliferation, metastasis, and chemoresistance of nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells by inhibiting the p53 signaling pathway. | Validation | (75) | |
| MAGI2-AS3 | NSCLC | Down | qRT-PCR, ARMS-PCR | MAGI2-AS3 and ZFAS1 are closely associated with TNM stage, lymph-node metastasis, and distant metastasis. | Validation | (35) | |
| ZFAS1 | Down | ||||||
| LNCAROD | CRC | Up | RNA-seq, qRT-PCR |
LNCAROD modulates downstream signaling pathways by forming a ternary complex with HSPA1A and YBX1 and being stabilized by m6A methylation, thereby driving malignant tumor cell proliferation and progression. | Validation | (9) | |
| SNHG20 | Up | SNHG20 promotes cancer cell growth, migration, and invasion by regulating the expression of the cell-cycle-related genes p21 and cyclin A1. | |||||
| LINC00534 | Up | – | |||||
| TSPOAP-AS1 | Up | – | |||||
| lncRNAs | STARD4-AS1 | NSCLC | Up | qRT-PCR | STARD4-AS1 exerts cis-regulatory effects on the neighboring STARD4 gene, remodels cholesterol metabolism in tumor cells, and establishes a systemic lipid metabolic microenvironment conducive to metastasis through the circulation, thereby accelerating tumor progression. | Validation | (37) |
| ELOA-AS1 | Up | ELOA-AS1 directly activates the EMT signaling pathway, thereby promoting tumor cell proliferation, invasion, and metastasis. | |||||
| LINC00183 | CRC | Up | qRT-PCR | LINC00183 promotes glycolysis and the malignant progression of colorectal cancer cells through the ENO1/H3K18la/GDF15 axis. | Preclinical | (54) | |
| circRNAs | circNRIP1 | NSCLC | Down | RNA-Seq, qRT-PCR |
– | Validation | (63) |
| circUSP32 | GEP-NET | Down | RNA-Seq | – | Discovery | (68) | |
| circEXOC5 | Down | ||||||
| circIQGAP2 | Down | ||||||
| circDAAM1 | Down | ||||||
| circTMCO3 | Down | ||||||
| circFUT8 | LC | Up | NanoString nCounter | circFUT8 modulates lung cancer cell proliferation, invasion, and apoptosis by sponging miR-145 or regulating the miR-944/YES1 axis. | Discovery | (69) | |
| hsa_circ_0004771 | CRC | Up | qRT-PCR | – | Validation | (66) | |
| hsa_circ_0019120 | |||||||
| hsa_circ_0061274 | LC | Down | RNA-seq, qRT-PCR |
– | Validation | (84) |
PC, pancreatic cancer; HCC, hepatocellular carcinoma; NPC, nasopharyngeal carcinoma; MPN, myeloproliferative neoplasms; TC, thyroid cancer; OC, ovarian cancer; CRC, colorectal cancer; GC, gastric cancer; NSCLC, non-small cell lung cancer; GEP-NET, gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumor; LC, lung cancer; EMT, epithelial-mesenchymal transition; ECM, extracellular matrix; LLC, Lewis lung carcinoma; Discovery, initial expression/profiling evidence; Validation, candidate confirmed in an independent or targeted clinical cohort; Preclinical, functional/mechanistic evidence in cellular or animal models.