Table 2.

Risk of bias assessment of included studies using the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) Critical Appraisal Checklist for Analytical Cross-Sectional Studies.

Study	Q1	Q2	Q3	Q4	Q5	Q6	Q7	Q8	Overall risk of bias
Arslan et al., 20245	Y	Y	Y	P	P	N	P	Y	Moderate
Daraqel et al., 20246	Y	Y	Y	Y	Y	Y	Y	Y	Low
Dursun et al., 202414	Y	Y	Y	Y	P	N	Y	Y	Moderate
Kılınç and Mansız, 202413	Y	Y	Y	P	P	N	Y	Y	Moderate
Makrygiannakis et al., 202415	Y	Y	Y	Y	Y	P	Y	Y	Low
Abu Arqub et al., 202412	Y	Y	Y	Y	P	N	Y	P	Moderate
Alkhamees, 20249	Y	Y	P	P	P	N	P	Y	Moderate
Hatia et al., 202416	Y	Y	Y	P	P	N	P	Y	Moderate
Kurt Demirsoy et al., 202410	Y	Y	Y	P	P	N	Y	Y	Moderate
Naureen and Kiani, 202423	Y	Y	Y	Y	Y	P	Y	Y	Low
Vassis et al., 202425	Y	Y	P	Y	P	P	Y	Y	Moderate
Yurdakurban et al., 202426	Y	Y	Y	Y	Y	P	Y	Y	Low
Metin and Goymen, 20257	Y	Y	Y	Y	Y	P	Y	Y	Low
Salmanpour et al., 20258	Y	Y	Y	P	P	N	P	Y	Moderate
Tanaka et al., 202524	Y	Y	Y	P	P	N	P	Y	Moderate
Zhou et al., 202511	Y	Y	Y	Y	Y	P	Y	Y	Low

Legend: Y = yes/criterion adequately met; P = partial, unclear, or incompletely reported; N = no/not reported or insufficiently addressed. Q1, clearly defined inclusion criteria; Q2, detailed description of study subjects/settings or question/case source; Q3, valid and reliable measurement of exposure/intervention (AI model, access, prompting procedure); Q4, objective and standardized criteria for outcome assessment; Q5, identification of potential confounding or contextual factors; Q6, strategies to address confounding/contextual influences; Q7, valid and reliable outcome measurement; Q8, appropriate statistical analysis. Overall judgments were qualitative and did not rely on numerical scoring.