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. 2026 Sep 22;41:103701. doi: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2026.103701

Fig. 3.

Fig. 3

Establishment and biological characterization of the biomimetic coronary artery equivalents. A) Representative bright field images showing cell morphology, while fluorescence images depicting cell viability by visually distinguishing viable (green) cells from nonviable (red) cells over a 120 h culture period (24, 48, 72, 96, and 120 h) (scale bar: 100 μm). B) Statistical quantification of cell viability corresponding to each time point. C) Cross-sectional confocal fluorescence images showing the cytoskeletal organization of monolayer and bilayer cellular structures stained for F-actin (FITC-Phalloidin, green) (scale bar: 100 μm). D) Representative fluorescence micrographs demonstrating CD31-positive HUVECs (red) and α-SMA-positive HCASMCs (green), with DAPI for nuclear counterstaining (blue) (scale bar: 100 μm). E) Representative fluorescence images showing the transmural permeation profiles of 4 kDa and 70 kDa FITC-dextran in acellular versus cellular constructs, alongside the corresponding quantitative analysis (scale bar: 500 μm).