Table 1.
Positioning of this review relative to recent reviews of the oral–gastric/oral–gut microbial axis and gastric disease.
| Review/reference | Age focus | Specimen type | Disease endpoint | Evidence grading | Diagnostic orientation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (Lupu et al., 2025) | Pediatric | Digestive-tract (multi-site) | H. pylori colonization/microbiome composition | No | Descriptive; not biomarker-oriented |
| (Xia et al., 2025) | Adult (not age-stratified) | Oral and gastric | Oral-gastric axis/general gastric health | No | Mechanistic/conceptual |
| (Chen et al., 2022b) | Adult | Oral and gut | H. pylori interactions across oral-gut axis | No | Mechanistic |
| (Xia et al., 2024) | Adult | Tongue coating, saliva, plaque (tissue/oral) | Gastric cancer | No | Cancer-risk biomarker discovery |
| This review | Pediatric | Saliva/oral (non-invasive) | Pediatric gastritis and H. pylori infection | Yes (explicit maturity grading, Table 3) | Non-invasive triage/stratification |