Fig. 2.

Systematic characterization of TPL targets in ALI via functional enrichment and network analysis. (A) GO functional annotation of putative targets across three domains: biological process (BP), cellular component (CC), and molecular function (MF). Bars are colored according to −log₁₀(P-value) significance, with lengths corresponding to gene enrichment counts. (B) KEGG pathway enrichment profiles. The chord diagram (left) maps hub genes to their respective signaling pathways, while the bubble plot (right) visualizes pathway significance and enrichment depth (gene ratio). (C) Construction of the TPL–target–pathway network to elucidate the polypharmacological landscape. Green nodes (ovals) represent core targets, blue nodes (rectangles) represent ALI-associated pathways, and edges signify predicted interactions. The network highlights a coordinated, multi-dimensional mode of action underlying the therapeutic efficacy of TPL. In the bubble plot, each bubble's size reflects the count of core targets (from the screened set) that are enriched in the corresponding pathway-larger bubbles signify more core targets. The colour scale indicates the P-value, ranging from blue through purple to red, where a deeper red denotes greater significance. The enrichment score and gene ratio represent the fraction of core targets in that pathway out of the total 9 screened core targets. (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the web version of this article.)