Table 2.

Correct Response Rates and Between-Group Comparisons for Knowledge Questions (Q1–Q4)

Item	Subject	Group 1%ᵃ	Group 2%ᵃ	Group 3%ᵃ	χ² (df = 2)	Fisher p	pFDR	Cramer’s V [%95 GA]	Effect
Q1	Anatomical Region	94.3	100.0	100.0	3.50	0.328	0.328	0.19 [0.00, 0.37]	Small
Q2	Surgical Procedure	94.3	100.0	100.0	3.50	0.328	0.328	0.19 [0.00, 0.37]	Small
Q3	Anesthesia Method	82.9	96.6	96.8	5.47	0.111	0.227	0.24 [0.00, 0.42]	Small
Q4	Preoperative Radiological Assessment	77.1	93.1	96.8	7.08	0.041	0.164	0.27 [0.00, 0.46]	Small

Because the expected cell frequencies were below 5, Fisher’s Exact Test with Monte Carlo simulation (B = 20,000) was used; χ² values are provided for reference purposes. The 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for Cramer’s V were calculated using the bootstrap method. pFDR = Benjamini–Hochberg false discovery rate correction. CI = confidence interval. ᵃPercentage of participants providing the correct response [Group 1 (Traditional observation: n = 35), Group 2 (Live video streaming observation: n = 29), Group 3 (Hybrid observation: n = 31)]