Table 4.

Summary of Pairwise Comparisons for Likert-Type Items (Dunn–Holm Post-hoc Tests)

Item	Group 1 – Group 2	Group 1 – Group 3	Group 2 – Group 3
Q5	z = 5.16, padj < 0.001	z = 7.46, padj < 0.001	z = 2.11, padj = 0.035
Q6	z = 3.28, padj = 0.002	z = 5.83, padj < 0.001	z = 2.38, padj = 0.017
Q7	z = 3.95, padj < 0.001	z = 7.78, padj < 0.001	z = 3.58, padj < 0.001
Q8	z = 4.97, padj < 0.001	z = 7.56, padj < 0.001	z = 2.38, padj = 0.017
Q9	z = 0.67, padj = 0.504 (ns)	z = 4.67, padj < 0.001	z = 3.81, padj < 0.001
Q10	z = 4.59, padj < 0.001	z = 7.00, padj < 0.001	z = 2.22, padj = 0.026
Q11	z = 3.80, padj < 0.001	z = 6.31, padj < 0.001	z = 2.33, padj = 0.020
Q12	z = 2.40, padj = 0.017	z = 6.66, padj < 0.001	z = 4.03, padj < 0.001
Q13	z = 4.22, padj < 0.001	z = 7.51, padj < 0.001	z = 3.07, padj = 0.002
Q14	z = 3.76, padj < 0.001	z = 6.81, padj < 0.001	z = 2.85, padj = 0.004
Q15	z = 4.75, padj < 0.001	z = 6.79, padj < 0.001	z = 1.87, padj = 0.061 (ns)
Q16	z = 4.32, padj < 0.001	z = 5.61, padj < 0.001	z = 1.16, padj = 0.244 (ns)
Q17	z = 2.76, padj = 0.012	z = 4.77, padj < 0.001	z = 1.87, padj = 0.062 (ns)

Dunn post-hoc comparisons were adjusted using the Holm–Bonferroni procedure. Positive z-values indicate that the second group had a higher mean rank than the first group. ns = non-significant (adjusted p > 0.05). [Group 1 (Traditional observation), Group 2 (Live video streaming observation), Group 3 (Hybrid observation)]