Table 7.
Clinical outcomes and short-term adverse events.
| Variable | Level | Overall (N = 130) | ROP (n = 68) | ROP + HYD (n = 62) | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Analgesia success at 12 h | 0 | 65 (50.0%) | 42 (61.8%) | 23 (37.1%) | 0.005 |
| 1 | 65 (50.0%) | 26 (38.2%) | 39 (62.9%) | ||
| Resting VAS at 6 h | 4.42 (0.91) | 4.58 (0.96) | 4.24 (0.83) | 0.036 | |
| Resting VAS at 12 h | 3.02 (0.86) | 3.29 (0.78) | 2.72 (0.85) | <0.001 | |
| Resting VAS at 24 h | 2.99 (0.91) | 3.08 (0.92) | 2.88 (0.89) | 0.209 | |
| Minimum MAP, mmHg | 73.4 (12.0) | 72.1 (11.9) | 74.7 (12.0) | 0.215 | |
| Time with MAP <65 mmHg, min | 7.0 [2.0–13.0] | 6.0 [1.0–12.0] | 8.0 [2.2–13.0] | 0.273 | |
| Hypotension episodes | 1.0 [0.0–3.0] | 1.0 [0.0–3.0] | 2.0 [0.0–3.0] | 0.266 | |
| Minimum HR, bpm | 67.6 (14.6) | 67.8 (15.2) | 67.4 (14.0) | 0.870 | |
| Bradycardia episodes | 0 | 107 (82.3%) | 55 (80.9%) | 52 (83.9%) | 0.764 |
| 1 | 16 (12.3%) | 9 (13.2%) | 7 (11.3%) | ||
| 2 | 1 (0.8%) | 0 (0.0%) | 1 (1.6%) | ||
| 3 | 6 (4.6%) | 4 (5.9%) | 2 (3.2%) | ||
| Vasopressor used | 1 | 106 (81.5%) | 54 (79.4%) | 52 (83.9%) | 0.668 |
| Pre-block cortisol, nmol/L | 429 (113) | 439 (123) | 417 (102) | 0.279 | |
| Cortisol at 6 h, nmol/L | 495 (157) | 523 (167) | 465 (140) | 0.034 | |
| Epinephrine, pg/mL | 64.1 (23.9) | 65.4 (24.6) | 62.8 (23.3) | 0.536 | |
| Norepinephrine, pg/mL | 369.1 (109.4) | 381.0 (101.7) | 356.0 (116.6) | 0.198 | |
| Dopamine, pg/mL | 20.6 (8.6) | 20.9 (9.2) | 20.2 (8.0) | 0.649 | |
| Biomarker assay method | CLIA | 97 (74.6%) | 56 (82.4%) | 41 (66.1%) | 0.044 |
| ELISA | 33 (25.4%) | 12 (17.6%) | 21 (33.9%) | ||
| PONV within 24 h | 0 | 98 (75.4%) | 52 (76.5%) | 46 (74.2%) | 0.763 |
| 1 | 32 (24.6%) | 16 (23.5%) | 16 (25.8%) | ||
| Pruritus within 24 h | 0 | 118 (90.8%) | 61 (89.7%) | 57 (91.9%) | 0.661 |
| 1 | 12 (9.2%) | 7 (10.3%) | 5 (8.1%) | ||
| Oversedation within 24 h | 0 | 121 (93.1%) | 62 (91.2%) | 59 (95.2%) | 0.497 |
| 1 | 9 (6.9%) | 6 (8.8%) | 3 (4.8%) | ||
| Hypoxia within 24 h | 0 | 124 (95.4%) | 64 (94.1%) | 60 (96.8%) | 0.682 |
| 1 | 6 (4.6%) | 4 (5.9%) | 2 (3.2%) | ||
| Urinary retention within 24 h | 0 | 117 (90.0%) | 64 (94.1%) | 53 (85.5%) | 0.101 |
| 1 | 13 (10.0%) | 4 (5.9%) | 9 (14.5%) | ||
| Transient neurologic symptoms | 0 | 127 (97.7%) | 67 (98.5%) | 60 (96.8%) | 0.605 |
| 1 | 3 (2.3%) | 1 (1.5%) | 2 (3.2%) |
PONV, postoperative nausea and vomiting; VAS, visual analog scale; MAP, mean arterial pressure; HR, heart rate; CLIA, chemiluminescent immunoassay; ELISA, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Biomarker and other secondary-outcome p-values are unadjusted for multiple comparisons and should be interpreted as exploratory. NA indicates that a between-group test was not applicable because the outcome was constant.