Table 1.
Basic characteristics of the study population (N=2428).
| Variables | Total | Survival group (n=1709) | All-cause mortality group (n=719) | P value | |||||||
| Demographics | |||||||||||
|
|
Age (y), mean (SE) | 62.05 (0.33) | 59.48 (0.37) | 68.79 (0.58) | <.001 | ||||||
|
|
Sex, n (%); SE | .54 | |||||||||
|
|
|
Female | 1218 (50.15); 0.02 | 866 (50.65); 1.76 | 352 (48.83); 2.24 |
|
|||||
|
|
|
Male | 1210 (49.85); 0.03 | 843 (49.35); 1.76 | 367 (51.17); 2.24 |
|
|||||
|
|
Race and ethnicity, n (%); SE | <.001 | |||||||||
|
|
|
Mexican American | 161 (6.65); 0.01 | 130 (7.57); 0.84 | 31 (4.21); 0.87 |
|
|||||
|
|
|
Non-Hispanic Black | 348 (14.35); 0.01 | 252 (14.75); 1.23 | 96 (13.29); 1.47 |
|
|||||
|
|
|
Non-Hispanic White | 1657 (68.10); 0.04 | 1114 (65.22); 1.89 | 543 (75.69); 2.21 |
|
|||||
|
|
|
Other | 262 (10.90); 0.01 | 213 (12.46); 1.16 | 49 (6.81); 1.21 |
|
|||||
|
|
Marital status, n (%); SE | <.001 | |||||||||
|
|
|
Divorced | 318 (13.13); 0.01 | 228 (13.35); 1.22 | 90 (12.56); 1.51 |
|
|||||
|
|
|
Married | 1456 (59.98); 0.03 | 1079 (63.14); 1.57 | 377 (51.66); 2.30 |
|
|||||
|
|
|
Never married | 182 (7.46); 0.01 | 137 (8.03); 0.77 | 45 (5.97); 1.31 |
|
|||||
|
|
|
Other | 472 (19.43); 0.01 | 265 (15.49); 0.99 | 207 (29.81); 1.95 |
|
|||||
|
|
Educational level, n (%); SE | <.001 | |||||||||
|
|
|
High school or equivalent | 694 (28.58); 0.02 | 482 (28.17); 1.73 | 212 (29.64); 2.01 |
|
|||||
|
|
|
Lower than high school | 550 (22.65); 0.01 | 318 (18.62); 1.35 | 232 (33.26); 2.33 |
|
|||||
|
|
|
Some college or higher | 1184 (48.77); 0.02 | 909 (53.21); 1.85 | 275 (37.10); 2.42 |
|
|||||
|
|
PIRa, mean (SE) | 2.75 (0.05) | 2.91 (0.06) | 2.33 (0.08) | <.001 | ||||||
| Clinical measurements, mean (SE) | |||||||||||
|
|
BMI (kg/m2) | 33.28 (0.22) | 34.08 (0.26) | 31.19 (0.40) | <.001 | ||||||
|
|
HbA1cb | 6.90 (0.04) | 6.92 (0.05) | 6.85 (0.08) | .43 | ||||||
| Major comorbidities, n (%); SE | |||||||||||
|
|
ASCVDc | <.001 | |||||||||
|
|
|
No | 1844 (76.26); 0.03 | 1373 (80.34); 1.23 | 471 (65.54); 2.34 |
|
|||||
|
|
|
Yes | 584 (23.74); 0.02 | 336 (19.66); 1.23 | 248 (34.46); 2.34 |
|
|||||
|
|
CKDd | <.001 | |||||||||
|
|
|
No | 1443 (59.45); 0.03 | 1160 (67.47); 1.35 | 283 (38.34); 2.88 |
|
|||||
|
|
|
Yes | 985 (40.55); 0.02 | 549 (32.53); 1.35 | 436 (61.66); 2.88 |
|
|||||
|
|
COPDe | .02 | |||||||||
|
|
|
No | 2208 (90.92); 0.04 | 1571 (91.95); 0.89 | 637 (88.19); 1.44 |
|
|||||
|
|
|
Yes | 220 (9.08); 0.01 | 138 (8.05); 0.89 | 82 (11.81); 1.44 |
|
|||||
|
|
Hyperlipidemia | .44 | |||||||||
|
|
|
No | 256 (10.53); 0.01 | 173 (10.15); 0.89 | 83 (11.53); 1.52 |
|
|||||
|
|
|
Yes | 2172 (89.47); 0.04 | 1536 (89.85); 0.89 | 636 (88.47); 1.52 |
|
|||||
| Lifestyle factors, n (%); SE | |||||||||||
|
|
Smoking status | <.001 | |||||||||
|
|
|
Former | 893 (36.78); 0.02 | 579 (33.86); 1.63 | 314 (44.45); 2.50 |
|
|||||
|
|
|
Never | 1171 (48.22); 0.02 | 883 (51.68); 1.72 | 288 (39.09); 2.63 |
|
|||||
|
|
|
Currently | 364 (15.01); 0.01 | 247 (14.45); 1.23 | 117 (16.46); 1.88 |
|
|||||
|
|
Alcohol consumption | <.001 | |||||||||
|
|
|
Former | 697 (28.71); 0.02 | 430 (25.18); 1.55 | 267 (38.00); 2.49 |
|
|||||
|
|
|
Heavy | 253 (10.43); 0.01 | 197 (11.55); 1.18 | 56 (7.49); 1.25 |
|
|||||
|
|
|
Mild | 848 (34.91); 0.02 | 646 (37.80); 1.87 | 202 (27.30); 2.31 |
|
|||||
|
|
|
Moderate | 256 (10.53); 0.01 | 189 (11.04); 1.19 | 67 (9.22); 1.63 |
|
|||||
|
|
|
Never | 374 (15.42); 0.01 | 247 (14.44); 1.41 | 127 (17.99); 1.81 |
|
|||||
| Renal function, mean (SE) | |||||||||||
|
|
Creatinine (μmol/L) | 87.94 (1.43) | 83.03 (1.29) | 100.86 (3.21) | <.001 | ||||||
|
|
UAf | 358.69 (2.77) | 354.93 (3.22) | 368.60 (4.92) | .02 | ||||||
|
|
BUNg (mmol/L) | 5.95 (0.07) | 5.65 (0.07) | 6.77 (0.17) | <.001 | ||||||
| Liver function, mean (SE) | |||||||||||
|
|
ALTh | 27.34 (0.48) | 28.09 (0.55) | 25.38 (0.99) | .02 | ||||||
|
|
ASTi | 26.36 (0.41) | 26.13 (0.45) | 26.96 (0.81) | .35 | ||||||
|
|
Albumin | 4.13 (0.01) | 4.13 (0.01) | 4.10 (0.02) | .11 | ||||||
| Complete blood count, mean (SE) | |||||||||||
|
|
Lymphocytes | 2.01 (0.02) | 2.06 (0.02) | 1.88 (0.04) | .001 | ||||||
|
|
Monocytes | 0.58 (0.01) | 0.57 (0.01) | 0.60 (0.01) | .03 | ||||||
|
|
Neutrophils | 4.56 (0.05) | 4.52 (0.05) | 4.68 (0.08) | .08 | ||||||
|
|
Hemoglobin | 14.16 (0.05) | 14.21 (0.05) | 14.03 (0.08) | .05 | ||||||
| Lipid profile, mean (SE) | |||||||||||
|
|
TGj | 1.70 (0.03) | 1.68 (0.04) | 1.78 (0.04) | .05 | ||||||
|
|
TCk | 4.76 (0.03) | 4.72 (0.04) | 4.88 (0.06) | .01 | ||||||
|
|
HDLl | 1.27 (0.01) | 1.25 (0.01) | 1.33 (0.04) | .03 | ||||||
|
|
LDLm | 2.71 (0.03) | 2.70 (0.03) | 2.73 (0.05) | .61 | ||||||
| Medication use, n (%); SE | |||||||||||
|
|
Antidiabetics | .02 | |||||||||
|
|
|
No | 1044 (42.99); 0.02 | 705 (41.23); 1.68 | 339 (47.63); 2.22 |
|
|||||
|
|
|
Yes | 1384 (57.01); 0.03 | 1004 (58.77); 1.68 | 380 (52.37); 2.22 |
|
|||||
|
|
Antihypertensives | .70 | |||||||||
|
|
|
No | 440 (18.14); 0.01 | 314 (18.39); 1.35 | 126 (17.49); 1.95 |
|
|||||
|
|
|
Yes | 1988 (81.86); 0.03 | 1395 (81.61); 1.35 | 593 (82.51); 1.95 |
|
|||||
|
|
Antihyperlipidemics | .02 | |||||||||
|
|
|
No | 1149 (47.33); 0.02 | 778 (45.54); 1.61 | 371 (52.06); 2.24 |
|
|||||
|
|
|
Yes | 1279 (52.67); 0.02 | 931 (54.46); 1.61 | 348 (47.94); 2.24 |
|
|||||
aPIR: poverty-to-income ratio.
bHbA1c: hemoglobin A1c.
cASCVD: atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease.
dCKD: chronic kidney disease.
eCOPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
fUA: uric acid.
gBUN: blood urea nitrogen.
hALT: alanine aminotransferase.
iAST: aspartate aminotransferase.
jTG: triglycerides.
kTC: total cholesterol.
lHDL: high-density lipoprotein.
mLDL: low-density lipoprotein.